1
00:05:07,270 --> 00:02:34,830
you

2
00:05:11,029 --> 00:05:09,670
as the countdown to mars continues the

3
00:05:12,870 --> 00:05:11,039
perseverance of humanity

4
00:05:56,230 --> 00:05:12,880
launching the next generation of robotic

5
00:06:01,189 --> 00:05:59,430
good afternoon nasa's mars perseverance

6
00:06:03,830 --> 00:06:01,199
rover launched from earth

7
00:06:04,790 --> 00:06:03,840
six months ago and now we are less than

8
00:06:07,590 --> 00:06:04,800
a day away

9
00:06:09,590 --> 00:06:07,600
from touchdown on the red planet the

10
00:06:11,029 --> 00:06:09,600
rover will attempt to land in jezreel

11
00:06:13,189 --> 00:06:11,039
crater tomorrow

12
00:06:14,070 --> 00:06:13,199
it's the most difficult landing site on

13
00:06:16,710 --> 00:06:14,080
mars ever

14
00:06:17,510 --> 00:06:16,720
attempted but the perseverance rover and

15
00:06:19,830 --> 00:06:17,520
the team

16
00:06:21,590 --> 00:06:19,840
are ready welcome to nasa's jet

17
00:06:22,629 --> 00:06:21,600
propulsion laboratory in southern

18
00:06:25,510 --> 00:06:22,639
california

19
00:06:27,189 --> 00:06:25,520
i'm marina jurica your host today as we

20
00:06:29,510 --> 00:06:27,199
bring you a closer look

21
00:06:31,270 --> 00:06:29,520
into perseverance's journey to search

22
00:06:33,909 --> 00:06:31,280
for signs of ancient life

23
00:06:34,629 --> 00:06:33,919
and how the next mission mars sample

24
00:06:36,550 --> 00:06:34,639
return

25
00:06:37,830 --> 00:06:36,560
will bring samples from the surface of

26
00:06:40,629 --> 00:06:37,840
mars back

27
00:06:42,950 --> 00:06:40,639
to earth as we are social distancing i

28
00:06:45,590 --> 00:06:42,960
will introduce you to our panel here

29
00:06:46,550 --> 00:06:45,600
and those joining us virtually on our

30
00:06:49,670 --> 00:06:46,560
panel today

31
00:06:50,309 --> 00:06:49,680
are nasa associate administrator for the

32
00:06:53,909 --> 00:06:50,319
science

33
00:06:55,990 --> 00:06:53,919
mission directorate thomas zurbukin

34
00:06:57,110 --> 00:06:56,000
jpl's director of solar system

35
00:07:01,029 --> 00:06:57,120
exploration

36
00:07:02,230 --> 00:07:01,039
bobby braun the european space agency

37
00:07:06,469 --> 00:07:02,240
director of human

38
00:07:09,589 --> 00:07:06,479
and robotic exploration david parker

39
00:07:14,070 --> 00:07:09,599
director of nasa's astrobiology program

40
00:07:17,430 --> 00:07:14,080
mary wojtek perseverance deputy project

41
00:07:20,070 --> 00:07:17,440
scientist ken williford

42
00:07:22,390 --> 00:07:20,080
sample return scientist and professor at

43
00:07:25,749 --> 00:07:22,400
university of nevada las vegas

44
00:07:27,510 --> 00:07:25,759
elizabeth hauswrath for anyone watching

45
00:07:29,990 --> 00:07:27,520
who would like to submit a question you

46
00:07:32,710 --> 00:07:30,000
can do so by using the countdown to mars

47
00:07:33,510 --> 00:07:32,720
hashtag our phone lines are now open to

48
00:07:35,749 --> 00:07:33,520
the media

49
00:07:37,830 --> 00:07:35,759
you can ask a question by pressing star

50
00:07:40,230 --> 00:07:37,840
one to enter the queue

51
00:07:41,029 --> 00:07:40,240
to start i'd like to welcome thomas

52
00:07:43,589 --> 00:07:41,039
zurbukin

53
00:07:44,070 --> 00:07:43,599
good afternoon dr z i'm so glad to be

54
00:07:46,790 --> 00:07:44,080
here

55
00:07:47,110 --> 00:07:46,800
marina thanks so much and i'm just in

56
00:07:50,150 --> 00:07:47,120
awe

57
00:07:53,029 --> 00:07:50,160
because we're like a day out uh

58
00:07:53,909 --> 00:07:53,039
from going back into history you know

59
00:07:57,430 --> 00:07:53,919
landing

60
00:08:00,629 --> 00:07:57,440
in this ancient lake bed in search

61
00:08:03,510 --> 00:08:00,639
for potential ancient life

62
00:08:05,270 --> 00:08:03,520
and that of course is a culmination of

63
00:08:08,230 --> 00:08:05,280
decades of work

64
00:08:09,110 --> 00:08:08,240
by nasa and the international community

65
00:08:12,629 --> 00:08:09,120
and

66
00:08:14,790 --> 00:08:12,639
is built by all directorates

67
00:08:16,070 --> 00:08:14,800
with many individuals around the united

68
00:08:18,469 --> 00:08:16,080
states and internationally

69
00:08:20,710 --> 00:08:18,479
contributing what we're going to talk

70
00:08:24,629 --> 00:08:20,720
about today has to do with this

71
00:08:26,710 --> 00:08:24,639
look at this right now it's

72
00:08:29,510 --> 00:08:26,720
a sample tube if i turn it around i see

73
00:08:31,670 --> 00:08:29,520
the number 53 on it i remember

74
00:08:32,550 --> 00:08:31,680
from various meetings i've been in that

75
00:08:34,870 --> 00:08:32,560
there's something like

76
00:08:35,990 --> 00:08:34,880
70 of those and some of them with

77
00:08:39,029 --> 00:08:36,000
specific numbers

78
00:08:41,909 --> 00:08:39,039
are right now hurling towards mars

79
00:08:43,909 --> 00:08:41,919
it's about that sample tube that so much

80
00:08:46,070 --> 00:08:43,919
of this panel will be about

81
00:08:48,710 --> 00:08:46,080
the goal of course is to collect

82
00:08:51,910 --> 00:08:48,720
promising samples in this

83
00:08:52,949 --> 00:08:51,920
super clean tube and it's analogs of

84
00:08:56,070 --> 00:08:52,959
course the ones

85
00:08:59,190 --> 00:08:56,080
up there toward going towards mars

86
00:09:00,710 --> 00:08:59,200
and really collecting those samples as a

87
00:09:02,949 --> 00:09:00,720
first step of the most

88
00:09:03,829 --> 00:09:02,959
difficult missions or one of the most

89
00:09:07,190 --> 00:09:03,839
difficult missions

90
00:09:10,550 --> 00:09:07,200
ever undertaken it's of course

91
00:09:12,150 --> 00:09:10,560
trying to make significant progress

92
00:09:14,470 --> 00:09:12,160
in answering one of the questions that

93
00:09:17,670 --> 00:09:14,480
has been with us

94
00:09:21,430 --> 00:09:17,680
for many centuries namely

95
00:09:24,389 --> 00:09:21,440
are we alone in the universe

96
00:09:26,630 --> 00:09:24,399
our robotic geologist and astrobiologist

97
00:09:30,230 --> 00:09:26,640
is poised to help find answers

98
00:09:32,550 --> 00:09:30,240
just like the great geologists on earth

99
00:09:35,110 --> 00:09:32,560
it's not just about the sample it's

100
00:09:36,949 --> 00:09:35,120
about the geologic context

101
00:09:38,710 --> 00:09:36,959
of that sample that will also be

102
00:09:42,070 --> 00:09:38,720
explored and

103
00:09:43,990 --> 00:09:42,080
it will do so at jezrow crater

104
00:09:46,070 --> 00:09:44,000
with a set of them some of the most

105
00:09:47,030 --> 00:09:46,080
advanced instruments ever conceived and

106
00:09:50,550 --> 00:09:47,040
designed

107
00:09:53,190 --> 00:09:50,560
supporting that amazing collection

108
00:09:54,310 --> 00:09:53,200
an amazing drilling and caching system

109
00:09:56,710 --> 00:09:54,320
is at the heart

110
00:09:57,350 --> 00:09:56,720
of our really the interface between the

111
00:09:59,509 --> 00:09:57,360
rock

112
00:10:01,190 --> 00:09:59,519
where all these treasures are and the

113
00:10:04,470 --> 00:10:01,200
samples that eventually

114
00:10:07,829 --> 00:10:04,480
will be with us these samples

115
00:10:09,190 --> 00:10:07,839
will be returned triple sealed and at

116
00:10:11,829 --> 00:10:09,200
the cleanliness level

117
00:10:12,790 --> 00:10:11,839
hardly ever achieved certainly in modern

118
00:10:15,750 --> 00:10:12,800
times

119
00:10:17,030 --> 00:10:15,760
uh in kind of and and ensure that the

120
00:10:20,389 --> 00:10:17,040
samples are pristine

121
00:10:24,389 --> 00:10:23,190
we're looking for ancient life as i said

122
00:10:26,790 --> 00:10:24,399
at the beginning

123
00:10:28,150 --> 00:10:26,800
mars surface today especially where

124
00:10:31,030 --> 00:10:28,160
we're going is

125
00:10:31,990 --> 00:10:31,040
not hospitable for life we believe

126
00:10:35,670 --> 00:10:32,000
because of the absence

127
00:10:37,030 --> 00:10:35,680
of water the freezing cold landscape and

128
00:10:39,269 --> 00:10:37,040
the radiation

129
00:10:41,269 --> 00:10:39,279
that constantly showers the surface as

130
00:10:43,269 --> 00:10:41,279
we see it there

131
00:10:44,870 --> 00:10:43,279
but we know due to the rovers and

132
00:10:47,509 --> 00:10:44,880
orbiters of the past

133
00:10:48,949 --> 00:10:47,519
and the present that mars has had a wet

134
00:10:52,470 --> 00:10:48,959
past

135
00:10:55,670 --> 00:10:52,480
and as we go to jezreel

136
00:10:58,949 --> 00:10:55,680
we go to the most promising site to

137
00:11:01,509 --> 00:10:58,959
really unlock the information about that

138
00:11:03,430 --> 00:11:01,519
web passed and the question was there

139
00:11:04,310 --> 00:11:03,440
ancient life during that period where on

140
00:11:07,430 --> 00:11:04,320
earth

141
00:11:10,069 --> 00:11:07,440
life was arising the mars sample return

142
00:11:13,350 --> 00:11:10,079
is of high importance to the agency

143
00:11:14,069 --> 00:11:13,360
the science community overall and it has

144
00:11:19,190 --> 00:11:14,079
been

145
00:11:22,389 --> 00:11:19,200
thinking about for decades

146
00:11:23,910 --> 00:11:22,399
and what we did is as we thought about

147
00:11:24,870 --> 00:11:23,920
more sample return i actually

148
00:11:27,590 --> 00:11:24,880
commissioned

149
00:11:28,389 --> 00:11:27,600
an independent review just a few months

150
00:11:30,790 --> 00:11:28,399
ago

151
00:11:31,509 --> 00:11:30,800
and asked some of the best minds all

152
00:11:34,550 --> 00:11:31,519
over

153
00:11:35,190 --> 00:11:34,560
at the u.s and beyond a simple question

154
00:11:38,550 --> 00:11:35,200
which is

155
00:11:40,870 --> 00:11:38,560
are we ready to proceed with mars

156
00:11:43,190 --> 00:11:40,880
sample return technically and the answer

157
00:11:45,990 --> 00:11:43,200
was really simple and it's an answer

158
00:11:46,630 --> 00:11:46,000
that uh we we are glad to receive and

159
00:11:50,069 --> 00:11:46,640
that is

160
00:11:51,269 --> 00:11:50,079
the committee told us we are ready and

161
00:11:53,030 --> 00:11:51,279
to do so

162
00:11:54,389 --> 00:11:53,040
as the international community in

163
00:11:57,910 --> 00:11:54,399
partnership with

164
00:12:01,110 --> 00:11:57,920
isa to really go and build that

165
00:12:03,110 --> 00:12:01,120
sample return so while we're awaiting a

166
00:12:05,030 --> 00:12:03,120
safe and successful landing

167
00:12:06,629 --> 00:12:05,040
we remember of course this is difficult

168
00:12:08,150 --> 00:12:06,639
to achieve there are many panels that

169
00:12:09,670 --> 00:12:08,160
have talked about this

170
00:12:11,829 --> 00:12:09,680
but i'm really excited to turn it over

171
00:12:14,710 --> 00:12:11,839
to my friend and colleague bobby brown

172
00:12:16,069 --> 00:12:14,720
to talk about the mars sample return

173
00:12:19,110 --> 00:12:16,079
campaign bobby

174
00:12:19,990 --> 00:12:19,120
great thank you thomas uh it's great to

175
00:12:22,230 --> 00:12:20,000
be here today

176
00:12:24,310 --> 00:12:22,240
and it's great to be with you it's a

177
00:12:25,829 --> 00:12:24,320
super exciting time here at the jet

178
00:12:28,230 --> 00:12:25,839
propulsion laboratory

179
00:12:29,910 --> 00:12:28,240
as we await perseverance's landing

180
00:12:31,430 --> 00:12:29,920
tomorrow

181
00:12:33,750 --> 00:12:31,440
i'm also really excited to get to

182
00:12:35,509 --> 00:12:33,760
represent the mars sample return program

183
00:12:36,870 --> 00:12:35,519
and all the people around the world that

184
00:12:39,590 --> 00:12:36,880
are working on that program

185
00:12:40,949 --> 00:12:39,600
already mars sample return is the

186
00:12:43,670 --> 00:12:40,959
planetary science

187
00:12:44,470 --> 00:12:43,680
endeavor of our generation it's

188
00:12:46,790 --> 00:12:44,480
ambitious

189
00:12:48,230 --> 00:12:46,800
it's challenging it's scientifically

190
00:12:50,949 --> 00:12:48,240
compelling goal

191
00:12:52,310 --> 00:12:50,959
that over decades we have been working

192
00:12:54,230 --> 00:12:52,320
towards and it's

193
00:12:55,910 --> 00:12:54,240
it's right there it's just within our

194
00:12:58,310 --> 00:12:55,920
reach and within

195
00:12:59,670 --> 00:12:58,320
with the launch and tomorrow's landing

196
00:13:01,590 --> 00:12:59,680
of perseverance

197
00:13:03,509 --> 00:13:01,600
the mars sample return science

198
00:13:06,790 --> 00:13:03,519
activities can begin

199
00:13:07,269 --> 00:13:06,800
on the surface of mars as an engineer

200
00:13:10,470 --> 00:13:07,279
i'm in

201
00:13:13,190 --> 00:13:10,480
awe of what the perseverance team

202
00:13:14,550 --> 00:13:13,200
has done over these past few years what

203
00:13:15,990 --> 00:13:14,560
they've accomplished

204
00:13:18,629 --> 00:13:16,000
but i'd like to take a minute and

205
00:13:19,910 --> 00:13:18,639
describe to you how we're building upon

206
00:13:22,150 --> 00:13:19,920
perseverance perseverance's science

207
00:13:23,670 --> 00:13:22,160
mission in the development of the next

208
00:13:26,550 --> 00:13:23,680
two flight missions

209
00:13:27,590 --> 00:13:26,560
whose goal together is to return the

210
00:13:31,190 --> 00:13:27,600
perseverance

211
00:13:33,269 --> 00:13:31,200
acquired samples from er to earth

212
00:13:34,230 --> 00:13:33,279
to study in laboratories across the

213
00:13:36,470 --> 00:13:34,240
globe

214
00:13:39,350 --> 00:13:36,480
with instrumentation that just simply

215
00:13:42,870 --> 00:13:39,360
can't be miniaturized and qualified for

216
00:13:45,110 --> 00:13:42,880
space flight this next graphic shows

217
00:13:47,030 --> 00:13:45,120
the four elements of the mars sample

218
00:13:50,710 --> 00:13:47,040
return campaign

219
00:13:52,629 --> 00:13:50,720
perseverance on the left nearly on

220
00:13:53,829 --> 00:13:52,639
nearly at the mars surface about ready

221
00:13:56,710 --> 00:13:53,839
to begin this

222
00:13:58,710 --> 00:13:56,720
science journey and then the next two

223
00:13:59,590 --> 00:13:58,720
flight elements which are presently in

224
00:14:01,829 --> 00:13:59,600
development

225
00:14:02,949 --> 00:14:01,839
the sample retrieval lander mission and

226
00:14:04,870 --> 00:14:02,959
the earth return

227
00:14:06,150 --> 00:14:04,880
orbiter mission i'm going to describe

228
00:14:08,629 --> 00:14:06,160
those uh to you

229
00:14:10,389 --> 00:14:08,639
in a little bit more detail and then out

230
00:14:12,710 --> 00:14:10,399
of ways we're going to be work

231
00:14:13,670 --> 00:14:12,720
developing a sample return handling

232
00:14:17,110 --> 00:14:13,680
facility

233
00:14:18,310 --> 00:14:17,120
that will acquire and curate and even

234
00:14:21,189 --> 00:14:18,320
distribute

235
00:14:22,310 --> 00:14:21,199
the samples when they're back at earth

236
00:14:25,350 --> 00:14:22,320
three missions

237
00:14:27,910 --> 00:14:25,360
and one ground element working together

238
00:14:28,710 --> 00:14:27,920
to accomplish sample return now the

239
00:14:32,230 --> 00:14:28,720
thing that

240
00:14:34,310 --> 00:14:32,240
binds those missions together is sitting

241
00:14:35,910 --> 00:14:34,320
a mock-up at least is sitting here with

242
00:14:38,389 --> 00:14:35,920
me today

243
00:14:39,430 --> 00:14:38,399
this is the bottom half of the mars

244
00:14:42,230 --> 00:14:39,440
sample return

245
00:14:42,949 --> 00:14:42,240
sample container and you can see for

246
00:14:45,829 --> 00:14:42,959
scale

247
00:14:47,350 --> 00:14:45,839
i have two of the sample tubes that dr z

248
00:14:49,829 --> 00:14:47,360
just held up

249
00:14:50,949 --> 00:14:49,839
in placed in this container this

250
00:14:54,150 --> 00:14:50,959
container can can

251
00:14:57,350 --> 00:14:54,160
can hold up to 30 samples

252
00:14:58,069 --> 00:14:57,360
and it is much like the baton in a relay

253
00:15:00,470 --> 00:14:58,079
race

254
00:15:01,430 --> 00:15:00,480
this container is the heart of sample

255
00:15:03,269 --> 00:15:01,440
return

256
00:15:04,790 --> 00:15:03,279
because the sample tubes will be filled

257
00:15:07,910 --> 00:15:04,800
by perseverance

258
00:15:10,150 --> 00:15:07,920
the sample retrieval lander will

259
00:15:13,030 --> 00:15:10,160
house this container and they'll be

260
00:15:15,110 --> 00:15:13,040
placed within and then the third

261
00:15:16,710 --> 00:15:15,120
element the earth return orbiter will

262
00:15:20,310 --> 00:15:16,720
bring this container

263
00:15:23,269 --> 00:15:20,320
triply sealed uh back to the earth

264
00:15:25,110 --> 00:15:23,279
uh so this next slide uh describes the

265
00:15:26,470 --> 00:15:25,120
sample retrieval lander in a little more

266
00:15:29,269 --> 00:15:26,480
detail

267
00:15:30,069 --> 00:15:29,279
it like perseverance will be an amazing

268
00:15:33,189 --> 00:15:30,079
engineering

269
00:15:34,470 --> 00:15:33,199
achievement on its way to to mars it'll

270
00:15:36,629 --> 00:15:34,480
look a lot like

271
00:15:39,189 --> 00:15:36,639
perseverance does today buttoned up in

272
00:15:40,550 --> 00:15:39,199
its aeroshell with a cruise stage

273
00:15:42,389 --> 00:15:40,560
controlling its journey through

274
00:15:44,389 --> 00:15:42,399
interplanetary space

275
00:15:46,069 --> 00:15:44,399
it'll fly through the mars atmosphere

276
00:15:47,670 --> 00:15:46,079
with a aeroshell

277
00:15:50,949 --> 00:15:47,680
a heat shield if you will and a

278
00:15:53,590 --> 00:15:50,959
parachute as shown in this slide

279
00:15:56,470 --> 00:15:53,600
and those systems are built upon what

280
00:15:58,870 --> 00:15:56,480
perseverance will demonstrate tomorrow

281
00:16:01,030 --> 00:15:58,880
now the one addition from a technology

282
00:16:04,310 --> 00:16:01,040
standpoint

283
00:16:08,710 --> 00:16:04,320
for that lander is the is the

284
00:16:11,670 --> 00:16:08,720
inclusion of propellant to fly out

285
00:16:12,389 --> 00:16:11,680
errors and to do truly a pinpoint

286
00:16:14,790 --> 00:16:12,399
landing

287
00:16:16,550 --> 00:16:14,800
on the surface of mars because unlike

288
00:16:19,590 --> 00:16:16,560
perseverance which is a mission

289
00:16:21,509 --> 00:16:19,600
of exploration and discovery the sample

290
00:16:24,389 --> 00:16:21,519
retrieval lander will be sent

291
00:16:25,590 --> 00:16:24,399
to a specific spot on mars where

292
00:16:28,870 --> 00:16:25,600
perseverance has

293
00:16:31,189 --> 00:16:28,880
already cached its samples in a depot

294
00:16:33,110 --> 00:16:31,199
on the mars surface we're going to know

295
00:16:33,749 --> 00:16:33,120
before the sample retrieval lander

296
00:16:35,670 --> 00:16:33,759
launches

297
00:16:37,350 --> 00:16:35,680
exactly where that spot is and we're

298
00:16:40,150 --> 00:16:37,360
gonna land within

299
00:16:41,590 --> 00:16:40,160
about a hundred yards of that spot on

300
00:16:43,829 --> 00:16:41,600
the surface of mars

301
00:16:44,870 --> 00:16:43,839
this graphic the next one yeah this one

302
00:16:48,470 --> 00:16:44,880
shows

303
00:16:50,310 --> 00:16:48,480
uh a notional traverse of perseverance

304
00:16:51,430 --> 00:16:50,320
that may that it may take across the

305
00:16:53,269 --> 00:16:51,440
mars surface

306
00:16:54,470 --> 00:16:53,279
now today of course we don't know

307
00:16:56,710 --> 00:16:54,480
precisely

308
00:16:58,710 --> 00:16:56,720
how perseverance will venture across

309
00:17:01,829 --> 00:16:58,720
mars and what it will find

310
00:17:04,230 --> 00:17:01,839
but we've analyzed hundreds of traverses

311
00:17:06,309 --> 00:17:04,240
that it may take and across those

312
00:17:09,189 --> 00:17:06,319
traverses we've found places

313
00:17:11,510 --> 00:17:09,199
many safe zones where we can land with

314
00:17:13,990 --> 00:17:11,520
our pinpoint landing technology

315
00:17:15,270 --> 00:17:14,000
uh the largest lander that will have

316
00:17:17,350 --> 00:17:15,280
been sent to mars

317
00:17:19,350 --> 00:17:17,360
uh at that time the sample retrieval

318
00:17:22,949 --> 00:17:19,360
lander and we can deploy

319
00:17:23,590 --> 00:17:22,959
a fetch rover that can traverse the

320
00:17:26,470 --> 00:17:23,600
surface

321
00:17:26,870 --> 00:17:26,480
to the depot and bring those samples

322
00:17:28,870 --> 00:17:26,880
back

323
00:17:30,789 --> 00:17:28,880
to the lander so in this next slide

324
00:17:33,750 --> 00:17:30,799
which is a animation

325
00:17:35,750 --> 00:17:33,760
you'll see yeah go to the next slide

326
00:17:37,029 --> 00:17:35,760
there you go you'll see the sample fetch

327
00:17:39,830 --> 00:17:37,039
rover

328
00:17:41,750 --> 00:17:39,840
uh deployed on the surface and in this

329
00:17:43,750 --> 00:17:41,760
uh artist concept there's just

330
00:17:45,110 --> 00:17:43,760
one tube that it's picking up but you

331
00:17:46,789 --> 00:17:45,120
you see its tray there

332
00:17:48,549 --> 00:17:46,799
is already full because it's picked up

333
00:17:50,310 --> 00:17:48,559
quite a few others

334
00:17:52,630 --> 00:17:50,320
and then it's going to head back to the

335
00:17:55,669 --> 00:17:52,640
sample retrieval lander

336
00:17:58,870 --> 00:17:55,679
when its tray is full of of tubes

337
00:18:00,549 --> 00:17:58,880
go to the next slide please once this

338
00:18:01,990 --> 00:18:00,559
either the sample fetch rover or

339
00:18:05,350 --> 00:18:02,000
perseverance itself

340
00:18:07,990 --> 00:18:05,360
loads the samples into this canister

341
00:18:09,590 --> 00:18:08,000
the canister which is already inside the

342
00:18:13,110 --> 00:18:09,600
mars ascent vehicle

343
00:18:14,950 --> 00:18:13,120
a rocket on the mars surface that rocket

344
00:18:19,590 --> 00:18:14,960
will carry this canister

345
00:18:23,190 --> 00:18:19,600
sealed into orbit uh about mars

346
00:18:26,470 --> 00:18:23,200
on this next video that orbiting sample

347
00:18:26,870 --> 00:18:26,480
this container itself will be in mars

348
00:18:30,150 --> 00:18:26,880
orbit

349
00:18:30,950 --> 00:18:30,160
and will ultimately be captured by the

350
00:18:34,390 --> 00:18:30,960
earth return

351
00:18:36,230 --> 00:18:34,400
orbiter within the payload of the earth

352
00:18:37,029 --> 00:18:36,240
return orbiter it will be sealed yet

353
00:18:39,669 --> 00:18:37,039
again

354
00:18:40,950 --> 00:18:39,679
and placed inside the earth entry

355
00:18:43,990 --> 00:18:40,960
vehicle

356
00:18:44,870 --> 00:18:44,000
that'll contain the samples for its

357
00:18:46,470 --> 00:18:44,880
flight

358
00:18:48,630 --> 00:18:46,480
through the earth's atmosphere let's go

359
00:18:51,190 --> 00:18:48,640
to the next slide

360
00:18:52,950 --> 00:18:51,200
upon return to earth the earth return

361
00:18:55,110 --> 00:18:52,960
orbiter itself is a tremendous

362
00:18:57,590 --> 00:18:55,120
spacecraft it's the largest

363
00:18:58,549 --> 00:18:57,600
spacecraft we will have built and sent

364
00:19:01,510 --> 00:18:58,559
to mars

365
00:19:02,390 --> 00:19:01,520
specifically for this purpose our

366
00:19:05,750 --> 00:19:02,400
architecture

367
00:19:09,029 --> 00:19:05,760
allows us to send the lander mission and

368
00:19:13,190 --> 00:19:09,039
or the orbiter mission to mars in either

369
00:19:15,029 --> 00:19:13,200
2026 or 2028 and those two launches and

370
00:19:16,230 --> 00:19:15,039
those two missions are being managed

371
00:19:19,430 --> 00:19:16,240
together

372
00:19:21,590 --> 00:19:19,440
by nasa and the european space agency

373
00:19:23,750 --> 00:19:21,600
in fact today there's a large group of

374
00:19:24,710 --> 00:19:23,760
engineers and scientists across both

375
00:19:27,669 --> 00:19:24,720
nasa

376
00:19:29,430 --> 00:19:27,679
and european space agency sites that are

377
00:19:31,430 --> 00:19:29,440
already working

378
00:19:33,029 --> 00:19:31,440
on these missions and it's wonderful to

379
00:19:34,470 --> 00:19:33,039
be working in partnership with the

380
00:19:37,190 --> 00:19:34,480
european space agency

381
00:19:39,909 --> 00:19:37,200
on this endeavor and with that i'd like

382
00:19:40,870 --> 00:19:39,919
to turn the conversation over to david

383
00:19:43,270 --> 00:19:40,880
parker

384
00:19:45,270 --> 00:19:43,280
david is the issa director of human and

385
00:19:46,070 --> 00:19:45,280
robotic exploration and he'll tell you a

386
00:19:49,750 --> 00:19:46,080
little bit more

387
00:19:51,270 --> 00:19:49,760
about this journey david

388
00:19:53,669 --> 00:19:51,280
thank you very much bobby that was

389
00:19:54,630 --> 00:19:53,679
fascinating i think and i'm also really

390
00:19:55,990 --> 00:19:54,640
excited

391
00:19:57,909 --> 00:19:56,000
that we're just hours away from the

392
00:19:59,909 --> 00:19:57,919
landing perseverance

393
00:20:01,830 --> 00:19:59,919
any mission to mars is exciting but

394
00:20:03,430 --> 00:20:01,840
because it's the start of the mars

395
00:20:05,350 --> 00:20:03,440
sample return campaign

396
00:20:06,950 --> 00:20:05,360
it's super exciting and it's something

397
00:20:07,669 --> 00:20:06,960
i've been dreaming about for nearly 20

398
00:20:09,990 --> 00:20:07,679
years

399
00:20:10,950 --> 00:20:10,000
from when esa first started studies for

400
00:20:13,110 --> 00:20:10,960
such a mission

401
00:20:14,870 --> 00:20:13,120
now hopefully you know that esa the

402
00:20:17,909 --> 00:20:14,880
european space agency

403
00:20:20,070 --> 00:20:17,919
is a club of 22 countries who pull their

404
00:20:21,029 --> 00:20:20,080
efforts in exploring and using space for

405
00:20:22,789 --> 00:20:21,039
everyday life

406
00:20:24,630 --> 00:20:22,799
and canada is a long-standing

407
00:20:25,830 --> 00:20:24,640
cooperating state and this is important

408
00:20:28,390 --> 00:20:25,840
for me to mention

409
00:20:29,350 --> 00:20:28,400
because canada is also part of the msr

410
00:20:32,230 --> 00:20:29,360
campaign

411
00:20:33,990 --> 00:20:32,240
via esa now within the huge range of

412
00:20:36,230 --> 00:20:34,000
esa's projects and monitoring climate

413
00:20:37,909 --> 00:20:36,240
change with copernicus providing global

414
00:20:39,750 --> 00:20:37,919
navigation with galileo

415
00:20:41,909 --> 00:20:39,760
mars sample return is part of our

416
00:20:44,149 --> 00:20:41,919
growing space exploration program

417
00:20:46,470 --> 00:20:44,159
and we have the privilege to work with

418
00:20:47,590 --> 00:20:46,480
nasa every single day just as bobby

419
00:20:49,909 --> 00:20:47,600
mentioned

420
00:20:51,750 --> 00:20:49,919
our space exploration focuses on uh

421
00:20:52,789 --> 00:20:51,760
destinations where humans will one day

422
00:20:54,470 --> 00:20:52,799
live and work

423
00:20:56,870 --> 00:20:54,480
we're already living working low earth

424
00:20:59,190 --> 00:20:56,880
orbit aboard the space station of course

425
00:21:00,390 --> 00:20:59,200
and we're on our way going forward to

426
00:21:02,870 --> 00:21:00,400
mars

427
00:21:04,870 --> 00:21:02,880
and esa is also part of the artemis

428
00:21:06,950 --> 00:21:04,880
program working with nasa

429
00:21:09,110 --> 00:21:06,960
now as far as mars is concerned we

430
00:21:10,470 --> 00:21:09,120
already have two missions there

431
00:21:12,870 --> 00:21:10,480
starting with our mars express

432
00:21:15,750 --> 00:21:12,880
spacecraft back in 2003

433
00:21:17,909 --> 00:21:15,760
doing fantastic science and indeed msr

434
00:21:19,590 --> 00:21:17,919
is about fantastic science mars sample

435
00:21:21,510 --> 00:21:19,600
return is a great science mission but

436
00:21:22,470 --> 00:21:21,520
for me it's also a voyage of exploration

437
00:21:25,270 --> 00:21:22,480
in the grand

438
00:21:27,510 --> 00:21:25,280
tradition we all look forward to boots

439
00:21:29,590 --> 00:21:27,520
on mars but before sending humans

440
00:21:31,669 --> 00:21:29,600
a round trip with robots will teach us a

441
00:21:33,830 --> 00:21:31,679
great deal it's kind of a scale model

442
00:21:35,909 --> 00:21:33,840
for an eventual human exploration

443
00:21:37,110 --> 00:21:35,919
it's the first round trip to the surface

444
00:21:38,630 --> 00:21:37,120
of another planet

445
00:21:40,789 --> 00:21:38,640
so let me take a few minutes just to

446
00:21:43,430 --> 00:21:40,799
explain the european mars program

447
00:21:44,070 --> 00:21:43,440
uh our two orbiters mars express exomars

448
00:21:46,230 --> 00:21:44,080
trace

449
00:21:47,430 --> 00:21:46,240
gas orbiter doing great science in fact

450
00:21:51,110 --> 00:21:47,440
just last week

451
00:21:53,750 --> 00:21:51,120
exomars made the front page of uh

452
00:21:55,029 --> 00:21:53,760
the journal yes next slide please the

453
00:21:57,510 --> 00:21:55,039
journal

454
00:21:59,669 --> 00:21:57,520
nature geosciences with the discovery of

455
00:22:00,230 --> 00:21:59,679
previously undetected hydrogen chloride

456
00:22:02,630 --> 00:22:00,240
gas

457
00:22:04,390 --> 00:22:02,640
in the atmosphere of mars it's mapped

458
00:22:07,270 --> 00:22:04,400
subsurface water to

459
00:22:09,430 --> 00:22:07,280
exquisite accuracy and it also relays

460
00:22:11,190 --> 00:22:09,440
about half the data back from nasa's

461
00:22:12,789 --> 00:22:11,200
existing rovers

462
00:22:14,870 --> 00:22:12,799
so meanwhile with our russian partner oz

463
00:22:16,390 --> 00:22:14,880
cosmos we are also preparing to launch

464
00:22:18,630 --> 00:22:16,400
next year a rover mission

465
00:22:20,230 --> 00:22:18,640
the rosalind franklin rover is an

466
00:22:23,029 --> 00:22:20,240
astrobiology probe

467
00:22:23,830 --> 00:22:23,039
to search for evidence of past life um

468
00:22:25,830 --> 00:22:23,840
using a drill

469
00:22:28,310 --> 00:22:25,840
penetrating six feet below the surface

470
00:22:30,149 --> 00:22:28,320
of mars and therefore below the damage

471
00:22:32,470 --> 00:22:30,159
caused by that radiation that thomas

472
00:22:34,630 --> 00:22:32,480
mentioned that destroys any organic

473
00:22:35,909 --> 00:22:34,640
chemicals close to the surface

474
00:22:37,909 --> 00:22:35,919
and then we have our contributions to

475
00:22:39,750 --> 00:22:37,919
mars sample return comprising

476
00:22:42,070 --> 00:22:39,760
the earth return orbiter the sample

477
00:22:43,669 --> 00:22:42,080
fetch rover the bobby as mentioned

478
00:22:45,590 --> 00:22:43,679
and also the robotic arm for

479
00:22:46,230 --> 00:22:45,600
transferring those samples between the

480
00:22:48,390 --> 00:22:46,240
rovers

481
00:22:50,230 --> 00:22:48,400
and into that special container that

482
00:22:51,590 --> 00:22:50,240
bobby showed us

483
00:22:53,350 --> 00:22:51,600
so let me say a little bit more about

484
00:22:54,149 --> 00:22:53,360
the rover and the orbiter so next slide

485
00:22:56,390 --> 00:22:54,159
please

486
00:22:57,990 --> 00:22:56,400
here's a picture of the sample fetch

487
00:22:59,190 --> 00:22:58,000
rover it's much smaller than

488
00:23:01,669 --> 00:22:59,200
perseverance

489
00:23:03,350 --> 00:23:01,679
its single task is to race out from the

490
00:23:05,830 --> 00:23:03,360
sample retrieval lander

491
00:23:07,590 --> 00:23:05,840
in this relay race find and collect

492
00:23:07,990 --> 00:23:07,600
those sample tubes and bring them back

493
00:23:13,510 --> 00:23:08,000
to

494
00:23:15,909 --> 00:23:13,520
travel 10 times

495
00:23:17,990 --> 00:23:15,919
faster than current rovers using its own

496
00:23:19,830 --> 00:23:18,000
ball on board intelligence

497
00:23:21,990 --> 00:23:19,840
development has already started with

498
00:23:23,669 --> 00:23:22,000
airbus defense and space in the uk

499
00:23:26,070 --> 00:23:23,679
building on know-how from the rosalind

500
00:23:27,350 --> 00:23:26,080
franklin rover so while the sample fetch

501
00:23:29,669 --> 00:23:27,360
rover is small and fast

502
00:23:31,830 --> 00:23:29,679
here's the earth return orbiter ero for

503
00:23:34,549 --> 00:23:31,840
short it's simply huge

504
00:23:36,789 --> 00:23:34,559
with a wingspan of about 120 feet is as

505
00:23:40,070 --> 00:23:36,799
big as an airliner launched an ariane

506
00:23:42,950 --> 00:23:40,080
6-4 rocket from uh european spaceport

507
00:23:45,350 --> 00:23:42,960
it this six and a half ton cargo ship is

508
00:23:47,990 --> 00:23:45,360
propelled by both chemical rockets

509
00:23:49,990 --> 00:23:48,000
and the most powerful iron drive

510
00:23:51,430 --> 00:23:50,000
electric propulsion system ever used in

511
00:23:53,510 --> 00:23:51,440
a deep space mission

512
00:23:55,269 --> 00:23:53,520
so it must scoop up the container as

513
00:23:57,669 --> 00:23:55,279
bobby described

514
00:23:58,390 --> 00:23:57,679
in orbit around miles and then do the

515
00:24:01,190 --> 00:23:58,400
home run

516
00:24:01,430 --> 00:24:01,200
back to earth so on its cargo deck will

517
00:24:04,149 --> 00:24:01,440
be

518
00:24:05,830 --> 00:24:04,159
nasa sample containment system an earth

519
00:24:07,029 --> 00:24:05,840
entry vehicle that will land back on

520
00:24:10,789 --> 00:24:07,039
earth

521
00:24:12,950 --> 00:24:10,799
already under contract we're already

522
00:24:14,789 --> 00:24:12,960
building it with the european dream team

523
00:24:16,630 --> 00:24:14,799
with expense extensive knowledge from

524
00:24:19,750 --> 00:24:16,640
deep space missions like the

525
00:24:21,590 --> 00:24:19,760
rosetta comet chaser beppy colombo which

526
00:24:23,830 --> 00:24:21,600
is our mission on the way to mercury

527
00:24:25,029 --> 00:24:23,840
and also the exomars trace gas orbiter

528
00:24:27,510 --> 00:24:25,039
itself so

529
00:24:28,070 --> 00:24:27,520
in summary um i hope i've convinced you

530
00:24:30,149 --> 00:24:28,080
that

531
00:24:31,990 --> 00:24:30,159
the european space agency is also super

532
00:24:34,230 --> 00:24:32,000
excited to be part of this

533
00:24:36,149 --> 00:24:34,240
maya my sample return campaign it's

534
00:24:38,549 --> 00:24:36,159
really the most extraordinary

535
00:24:39,830 --> 00:24:38,559
mind-bendingly complicated and will be

536
00:24:42,630 --> 00:24:39,840
history-making

537
00:24:44,230 --> 00:24:42,640
exploration campaign but having said all

538
00:24:46,950 --> 00:24:44,240
that you may also want to know

539
00:24:48,630 --> 00:24:46,960
why we so much want to do msr why do we

540
00:24:50,149 --> 00:24:48,640
want to bring the samples back

541
00:24:51,909 --> 00:24:50,159
so to answer that i would like to hand

542
00:24:55,669 --> 00:24:51,919
over to mary wojtek from

543
00:24:59,990 --> 00:24:58,950
thank you david well you've just heard

544
00:25:03,110 --> 00:25:00,000
details of this

545
00:25:04,470 --> 00:25:03,120
collaborative multi-generational truly

546
00:25:06,830 --> 00:25:04,480
bold mission

547
00:25:08,070 --> 00:25:06,840
including that we are sending a robotic

548
00:25:11,510 --> 00:25:08,080
astrobiologist

549
00:25:15,269 --> 00:25:11,520
what's astrobiology it's the study of

550
00:25:16,870 --> 00:25:15,279
how we get from materials from our star

551
00:25:19,029 --> 00:25:16,880
all the way through the steps that it

552
00:25:21,750 --> 00:25:19,039
takes to build habitable planets

553
00:25:23,110 --> 00:25:21,760
and support of an environment from which

554
00:25:26,310 --> 00:25:23,120
earth

555
00:25:29,029 --> 00:25:26,320
from which life could emerge um to

556
00:25:31,190 --> 00:25:29,039
a verdant planet like earth so that's

557
00:25:33,110 --> 00:25:31,200
what astrobiology is about

558
00:25:34,310 --> 00:25:33,120
and it answers three very important

559
00:25:38,149 --> 00:25:34,320
questions

560
00:25:40,630 --> 00:25:38,159
slide where did we come from

561
00:25:43,029 --> 00:25:40,640
how did we involve to inhabit the earth

562
00:25:45,430 --> 00:25:43,039
and is there anybody else out there

563
00:25:47,669 --> 00:25:45,440
this mission is going to look and

564
00:25:50,149 --> 00:25:47,679
address that final question

565
00:25:51,269 --> 00:25:50,159
and how have we been prepping for this

566
00:25:53,110 --> 00:25:51,279
well our strategy

567
00:25:54,950 --> 00:25:53,120
as astrobiologists have been to try to

568
00:25:57,269 --> 00:25:54,960
understand everything we possibly can

569
00:26:00,230 --> 00:25:57,279
about the biology here on earth

570
00:26:01,510 --> 00:26:00,240
so how did life emerge what are its

571
00:26:03,350 --> 00:26:01,520
requirements

572
00:26:05,110 --> 00:26:03,360
what are the environmental conditions

573
00:26:06,950 --> 00:26:05,120
that can support life or what are those

574
00:26:09,029 --> 00:26:06,960
limits where you might be able to find

575
00:26:10,950 --> 00:26:09,039
life here on on earth

576
00:26:13,110 --> 00:26:10,960
and indeed most of the places that we've

577
00:26:15,669 --> 00:26:13,120
looked we have found life no matter how

578
00:26:17,269 --> 00:26:15,679
harsh the environment is

579
00:26:18,950 --> 00:26:17,279
we combine can we go back to that other

580
00:26:22,390 --> 00:26:18,960
slide um

581
00:26:25,350 --> 00:26:22,400
thank you um maybe not there we go

582
00:26:27,029 --> 00:26:25,360
um we combined all that we understand

583
00:26:29,029 --> 00:26:27,039
about what life needs

584
00:26:30,950 --> 00:26:29,039
and we map that on to other places in

585
00:26:33,190 --> 00:26:30,960
our solar system and even beyond

586
00:26:34,710 --> 00:26:33,200
to try to determine other potential

587
00:26:36,549 --> 00:26:34,720
habitable environments and therefore

588
00:26:38,149 --> 00:26:36,559
targets for our missions

589
00:26:40,470 --> 00:26:38,159
now mars has been in focus since the

590
00:26:41,909 --> 00:26:40,480
very beginning of us talking about where

591
00:26:43,750 --> 00:26:41,919
we might find life

592
00:26:46,149 --> 00:26:43,760
and we've successfully flown orbiters

593
00:26:48,870 --> 00:26:46,159
landers and rovers to characterize mars

594
00:26:50,870 --> 00:26:48,880
and have studied environments related to

595
00:26:52,390 --> 00:26:50,880
mars-like conditions here on earth

596
00:26:55,029 --> 00:26:52,400
and in the next slide i just want to

597
00:26:58,149 --> 00:26:55,039
share a couple of those with you

598
00:26:59,590 --> 00:26:58,159
so i'm a microbiologist by training and

599
00:27:01,269 --> 00:26:59,600
i've studied life in in some of the

600
00:27:02,789 --> 00:27:01,279
harshest environments on earth

601
00:27:04,390 --> 00:27:02,799
and these are just photos from a few of

602
00:27:06,710 --> 00:27:04,400
the places that i've been

603
00:27:07,750 --> 00:27:06,720
the top three pictures are from the dry

604
00:27:11,830 --> 00:27:07,760
valleys

605
00:27:15,510 --> 00:27:11,840
of antarctica near the mcmurdo sound

606
00:27:17,990 --> 00:27:15,520
this environment is dry extremely cold

607
00:27:19,430 --> 00:27:18,000
and yet you can find organisms here and

608
00:27:23,190 --> 00:27:19,440
they're metabolizing

609
00:27:26,230 --> 00:27:23,200
and um and and active but it looks a lot

610
00:27:27,909 --> 00:27:26,240
mineralogically like mars as well

611
00:27:29,350 --> 00:27:27,919
the two lower pictures are some

612
00:27:31,830 --> 00:27:29,360
svaldbard

613
00:27:33,909 --> 00:27:31,840
this is a place where i went with a

614
00:27:35,750 --> 00:27:33,919
number of scientists that were pis on

615
00:27:36,470 --> 00:27:35,760
instruments on curate the curiosity

616
00:27:40,549 --> 00:27:36,480
rover

617
00:27:42,789 --> 00:27:40,559
talked about

618
00:27:44,710 --> 00:27:42,799
they used this environment again which

619
00:27:47,269 --> 00:27:44,720
was very similar in temperature

620
00:27:48,549 --> 00:27:47,279
and mineralogical conditions to test

621
00:27:50,870 --> 00:27:48,559
their instruments

622
00:27:51,590 --> 00:27:50,880
put it through their paces see if the

623
00:27:55,510 --> 00:27:51,600
things could

624
00:27:58,549 --> 00:27:55,520
actually detect the chemicals and

625
00:28:00,230 --> 00:27:58,559
photograph the the textures and

626
00:28:00,789 --> 00:28:00,240
characterize the mineralogy of the

627
00:28:03,669 --> 00:28:00,799
environment

628
00:28:05,510 --> 00:28:03,679
as was needed in order for curiosity and

629
00:28:08,950 --> 00:28:05,520
in the future exomars

630
00:28:12,149 --> 00:28:08,960
um to carry out its mission

631
00:28:15,190 --> 00:28:12,159
now i mentioned the curiosity

632
00:28:18,630 --> 00:28:15,200
mission and that has was has been

633
00:28:20,870 --> 00:28:18,640
an amazing uh one of our missions

634
00:28:23,350 --> 00:28:20,880
its original goal was to investigate

635
00:28:26,070 --> 00:28:23,360
habitability in gale crater

636
00:28:28,149 --> 00:28:26,080
or as my colleague conrad likes to say

637
00:28:29,669 --> 00:28:28,159
it's checking out the real estate

638
00:28:33,110 --> 00:28:29,679
but in this case instead of for looking

639
00:28:34,950 --> 00:28:33,120
for good schools or community services

640
00:28:37,350 --> 00:28:34,960
curiosity went up there to check out the

641
00:28:38,789 --> 00:28:37,360
climate look for sources of energy

642
00:28:40,470 --> 00:28:38,799
look for the elements that are the

643
00:28:42,789 --> 00:28:40,480
building blocks of life

644
00:28:44,230 --> 00:28:42,799
and found a number of areas that that

645
00:28:48,149 --> 00:28:44,240
would support life

646
00:28:51,830 --> 00:28:50,549
so in eight years of exploration it

647
00:28:53,590 --> 00:28:51,840
found areas that where there were

648
00:28:55,590 --> 00:28:53,600
clearly evidence of water

649
00:28:57,510 --> 00:28:55,600
there were clearly evidence of chemicals

650
00:28:58,789 --> 00:28:57,520
that could could be involved in energy

651
00:29:00,070 --> 00:28:58,799
transduction

652
00:29:02,389 --> 00:29:00,080
and there were the elements that are

653
00:29:03,909 --> 00:29:02,399
needed the primary ones carbon hydrogen

654
00:29:05,990 --> 00:29:03,919
nitrogen oxygen

655
00:29:07,590 --> 00:29:06,000
phosphorus and sulfur and as this

656
00:29:09,590 --> 00:29:07,600
periodic table

657
00:29:11,510 --> 00:29:09,600
is in the picture for life also needs

658
00:29:12,310 --> 00:29:11,520
small amounts from other elements as

659
00:29:13,830 --> 00:29:12,320
well

660
00:29:16,789 --> 00:29:13,840
and many of those were found in gal

661
00:29:19,669 --> 00:29:16,799
crater as well and that set us

662
00:29:21,909 --> 00:29:19,679
to select jezreel crater for this very

663
00:29:24,230 --> 00:29:21,919
important mission

664
00:29:25,990 --> 00:29:24,240
so perseverance is going to go to jeju

665
00:29:28,070 --> 00:29:26,000
crater it's going to characterize

666
00:29:29,029 --> 00:29:28,080
the environment much like curiosity did

667
00:29:31,909 --> 00:29:29,039
but it's going to start

668
00:29:33,669 --> 00:29:31,919
to look for evidence of past life now it

669
00:29:37,909 --> 00:29:33,679
has an incredible challenge and if i

670
00:29:41,990 --> 00:29:40,470
so the challenge is finding a

671
00:29:47,830 --> 00:29:42,000
biosignature

672
00:29:50,070 --> 00:29:47,840
and they can be take all sorts of forms

673
00:29:52,230 --> 00:29:50,080
they can be chemical they can be

674
00:29:54,230 --> 00:29:52,240
structures they can be modifications to

675
00:29:57,190 --> 00:29:54,240
the environment and

676
00:29:57,590 --> 00:29:57,200
in general one of the challenges are

677
00:30:02,870 --> 00:29:57,600
that

678
00:30:03,669 --> 00:30:02,880
are biosignatures can only be produced

679
00:30:05,750 --> 00:30:03,679
by life

680
00:30:06,870 --> 00:30:05,760
so if you look at the top left corner

681
00:30:10,549 --> 00:30:06,880
the lower box

682
00:30:13,590 --> 00:30:10,559
is clearly a fossil of a

683
00:30:14,789 --> 00:30:13,600
an ancient animal here on earth but the

684
00:30:16,630 --> 00:30:14,799
upper

685
00:30:18,870 --> 00:30:16,640
picture just above it that looks like a

686
00:30:21,269 --> 00:30:18,880
plant is actually formed by

687
00:30:21,990 --> 00:30:21,279
a biological processes that's just

688
00:30:24,149 --> 00:30:22,000
precipitation

689
00:30:25,269 --> 00:30:24,159
of minerals and yet it looks very much

690
00:30:27,110 --> 00:30:25,279
like life

691
00:30:29,269 --> 00:30:27,120
and so there are other processes besides

692
00:30:32,149 --> 00:30:29,279
life that can make a bio signature or

693
00:30:35,750 --> 00:30:32,159
something that looks like one

694
00:30:37,990 --> 00:30:35,760
there are other i

695
00:30:39,430 --> 00:30:38,000
this particular mission is finding

696
00:30:42,630 --> 00:30:39,440
itself in

697
00:30:45,430 --> 00:30:42,640
more the gray area where ambiguous

698
00:30:47,510 --> 00:30:45,440
features are what we'll be looking at

699
00:30:48,389 --> 00:30:47,520
those that could potentially be made by

700
00:30:50,149 --> 00:30:48,399
life

701
00:30:52,070 --> 00:30:50,159
there are also processes that we know

702
00:30:54,630 --> 00:30:52,080
that may also

703
00:30:56,310 --> 00:30:54,640
uh produce them a biologically but we're

704
00:30:58,230 --> 00:30:56,320
going to have instruments particularly

705
00:31:00,950 --> 00:30:58,240
when we bring the samples back

706
00:31:02,389 --> 00:31:00,960
that will be able to distinguish that so

707
00:31:03,990 --> 00:31:02,399
ken who's coming up next is going to

708
00:31:05,430 --> 00:31:04,000
talk a little bit about stromatolites

709
00:31:07,190 --> 00:31:05,440
which are in the upper right corner so

710
00:31:08,149 --> 00:31:07,200
i'm not talking much about that but i

711
00:31:10,470 --> 00:31:08,159
will mention

712
00:31:12,789 --> 00:31:10,480
the figure in the lower right is an

713
00:31:14,549 --> 00:31:12,799
example of the more complex

714
00:31:17,269 --> 00:31:14,559
measurements that we will be able to

715
00:31:19,430 --> 00:31:17,279
make with the samples that we return

716
00:31:21,029 --> 00:31:19,440
from this very important mission to try

717
00:31:23,509 --> 00:31:21,039
to really confirm

718
00:31:25,269 --> 00:31:23,519
if things that we believe the

719
00:31:28,149 --> 00:31:25,279
perseverance observed

720
00:31:29,269 --> 00:31:28,159
could be evidence of ancient life and

721
00:31:31,310 --> 00:31:29,279
with that

722
00:31:33,110 --> 00:31:31,320
i'd like to just say that we

723
00:31:35,909 --> 00:31:33,120
astrobiologists have been

724
00:31:37,350 --> 00:31:35,919
dreaming about this mission for decades

725
00:31:39,750 --> 00:31:37,360
and i'd like to turn it over to my

726
00:31:44,549 --> 00:31:39,760
fellow astrobiologists and the mars 2020

727
00:31:50,149 --> 00:31:47,909
thanks mary and hello everyone um

728
00:31:51,909 --> 00:31:50,159
i want to say like the others have how

729
00:31:54,710 --> 00:31:51,919
fortunate i feel

730
00:31:55,990 --> 00:31:54,720
uh to be in this in this place and at

731
00:31:58,870 --> 00:31:56,000
this place in time

732
00:31:59,509 --> 00:31:58,880
how excited i am to be literally on the

733
00:32:02,789 --> 00:31:59,519
eve

734
00:32:05,430 --> 00:32:02,799
of uh of this historic and really

735
00:32:07,269 --> 00:32:05,440
it's grand cooperation i mean it's an

736
00:32:09,909 --> 00:32:07,279
enormous undertaking

737
00:32:10,470 --> 00:32:09,919
uh that we're we're uh that's in front

738
00:32:12,549 --> 00:32:10,480
of us

739
00:32:13,590 --> 00:32:12,559
um and it has enormous scientific

740
00:32:17,269 --> 00:32:13,600
potential

741
00:32:20,470 --> 00:32:17,279
these are the

742
00:32:22,560 --> 00:32:20,480
truly big questions that we're after

743
00:32:23,830 --> 00:32:22,570
uh as you've heard

744
00:32:26,710 --> 00:32:23,840
[Music]

745
00:32:28,070 --> 00:32:26,720
you know we know from uh from prior

746
00:32:30,549 --> 00:32:28,080
rover missions and and

747
00:32:32,549 --> 00:32:30,559
work done from earth uh and from our

748
00:32:35,190 --> 00:32:32,559
orbiters around mars

749
00:32:37,110 --> 00:32:35,200
we have very strong evidence that mars

750
00:32:40,230 --> 00:32:37,120
could have supported life

751
00:32:44,549 --> 00:32:40,240
in its distant past the question

752
00:32:47,590 --> 00:32:44,559
is was mars ever a living planet

753
00:32:50,470 --> 00:32:47,600
you know um is earth which we know

754
00:32:51,909 --> 00:32:50,480
clearly is friendly to life today and as

755
00:32:52,630 --> 00:32:51,919
far as we can tell from the geologic

756
00:32:54,870 --> 00:32:52,640
record

757
00:32:56,950 --> 00:32:54,880
has been friendly to life uh throughout

758
00:32:59,430 --> 00:32:56,960
its uh its entire history

759
00:33:00,470 --> 00:32:59,440
nearly its entire history uh as far as

760
00:33:03,990 --> 00:33:00,480
we can tell

761
00:33:06,630 --> 00:33:04,000
uh is that just an anomaly is it a fluke

762
00:33:08,070 --> 00:33:06,640
are we alone in the darkness you know

763
00:33:10,230 --> 00:33:08,080
spinning around the sun

764
00:33:11,669 --> 00:33:10,240
spinning around the galactic center or

765
00:33:14,310 --> 00:33:11,679
are there other places

766
00:33:16,870 --> 00:33:14,320
out there uh that harbor life and and

767
00:33:19,190 --> 00:33:16,880
potentially even in our own solar system

768
00:33:20,630 --> 00:33:19,200
so that's what we're setting out to do

769
00:33:22,149 --> 00:33:20,640
starting tomorrow when we get to the

770
00:33:25,269 --> 00:33:22,159
surface of mars

771
00:33:27,509 --> 00:33:25,279
but what are we going to look for and uh

772
00:33:29,509 --> 00:33:27,519
you know to put it most basically we're

773
00:33:31,990 --> 00:33:29,519
looking for life-like patterns

774
00:33:32,789 --> 00:33:32,000
in the in the exploration environment so

775
00:33:35,190 --> 00:33:32,799
here you see an

776
00:33:36,470 --> 00:33:35,200
image i'm also gonna hold up the real

777
00:33:37,909 --> 00:33:36,480
deal here i don't know if i'll have it

778
00:33:40,230 --> 00:33:37,919
in the same orientation for you and

779
00:33:42,149 --> 00:33:40,240
hopefully my camera can get some focus

780
00:33:43,669 --> 00:33:42,159
this is as mary said she used the word

781
00:33:47,509 --> 00:33:43,679
stromatolite

782
00:33:48,950 --> 00:33:47,519
originally would have been like this

783
00:33:51,509 --> 00:33:48,960
when i picked it up

784
00:33:53,669 --> 00:33:51,519
like this it was a dome-shaped thing and

785
00:33:57,350 --> 00:33:53,679
so you're looking at the eroded

786
00:33:59,430 --> 00:33:57,360
top-down view of the internal structure

787
00:34:01,110 --> 00:33:59,440
of this thing and these finely wrinkled

788
00:34:03,830 --> 00:34:01,120
layers

789
00:34:04,950 --> 00:34:03,840
beautiful sort of organic looking if you

790
00:34:06,870 --> 00:34:04,960
like

791
00:34:08,550 --> 00:34:06,880
textures we use this word texture in

792
00:34:10,230 --> 00:34:08,560
geology to basically mean

793
00:34:11,589 --> 00:34:10,240
shape we sometimes call it say

794
00:34:14,310 --> 00:34:11,599
morphologies

795
00:34:16,069 --> 00:34:14,320
so these shapes these life-like patterns

796
00:34:17,109 --> 00:34:16,079
that we see in the rocks are obviously

797
00:34:19,589 --> 00:34:17,119
part of it

798
00:34:20,230 --> 00:34:19,599
what caused this pattern well this this

799
00:34:23,190 --> 00:34:20,240
uh

800
00:34:24,710 --> 00:34:23,200
fossil i picked up from an environment

801
00:34:26,790 --> 00:34:24,720
not at all dissimilar to

802
00:34:29,190 --> 00:34:26,800
to where we're going with mars 2020.

803
00:34:30,230 --> 00:34:29,200
this was from a 2.7 billion-year-old

804
00:34:32,629 --> 00:34:30,240
lake deposit

805
00:34:34,629 --> 00:34:32,639
in western australia an area called the

806
00:34:37,750 --> 00:34:34,639
tombiana formation

807
00:34:40,629 --> 00:34:37,760
uh and so so these rocks were deposited

808
00:34:42,389 --> 00:34:40,639
long before billions of years before

809
00:34:44,869 --> 00:34:42,399
complex multicellular

810
00:34:45,829 --> 00:34:44,879
uh life arose on or things like animals

811
00:34:48,069 --> 00:34:45,839
and plants

812
00:34:50,470 --> 00:34:48,079
and so when we find fossils in rocks of

813
00:34:53,190 --> 00:34:50,480
of this age especially ancient

814
00:34:54,629 --> 00:34:53,200
age they were made completely from

815
00:34:56,710 --> 00:34:54,639
microorganisms so these are

816
00:34:59,589 --> 00:34:56,720
single-celled organisms that sometimes

817
00:35:01,510 --> 00:34:59,599
join together in communities that live

818
00:35:01,990 --> 00:35:01,520
in layers one on top of the other and

819
00:35:04,069 --> 00:35:02,000
sometimes

820
00:35:05,030 --> 00:35:04,079
exuding sticky substances from their

821
00:35:07,510 --> 00:35:05,040
cells

822
00:35:08,150 --> 00:35:07,520
in which sediment particles can be

823
00:35:11,109 --> 00:35:08,160
trapped

824
00:35:13,190 --> 00:35:11,119
and bound also the organisms themselves

825
00:35:16,470 --> 00:35:13,200
can stimulate precipitation

826
00:35:19,510 --> 00:35:16,480
of minerals onto their little bodies

827
00:35:20,950 --> 00:35:19,520
which then creates a fossil uh

828
00:35:23,510 --> 00:35:20,960
right there in place and so you're

829
00:35:25,430 --> 00:35:23,520
looking at a fossilized microbial mat

830
00:35:27,829 --> 00:35:25,440
uh that formed on the edge of a lake you

831
00:35:28,790 --> 00:35:27,839
know nearly three billion years ago

832
00:35:30,950 --> 00:35:28,800
so that's the kind of thing we're

833
00:35:33,030 --> 00:35:30,960
looking for but as mary pointed out

834
00:35:35,750 --> 00:35:33,040
looks can be deceiving right we have to

835
00:35:38,550 --> 00:35:35,760
be very careful not to fool ourselves

836
00:35:40,230 --> 00:35:38,560
and so looks are almost never enough and

837
00:35:42,310 --> 00:35:40,240
as mary said also

838
00:35:44,310 --> 00:35:42,320
you know we may get so lucky as to find

839
00:35:46,069 --> 00:35:44,320
something uh you know so beautifully

840
00:35:46,870 --> 00:35:46,079
preserved as this stromatolite that i

841
00:35:49,190 --> 00:35:46,880
showed you

842
00:35:51,589 --> 00:35:49,200
but far more likely is that anything we

843
00:35:53,910 --> 00:35:51,599
find will be much more ambiguous that's

844
00:35:55,270 --> 00:35:53,920
typically the case on on earth as well

845
00:35:56,390 --> 00:35:55,280
and so we have to look at the

846
00:35:58,790 --> 00:35:56,400
compositions

847
00:36:00,550 --> 00:35:58,800
we're looking for lifelike shapes and

848
00:36:02,310 --> 00:36:00,560
lifelike compositions chemical

849
00:36:05,030 --> 00:36:02,320
compositions so the elements

850
00:36:06,870 --> 00:36:05,040
the minerals the molecules the organic

851
00:36:08,710 --> 00:36:06,880
molecules that we know are associated

852
00:36:10,069 --> 00:36:08,720
with life we're looking for all those

853
00:36:11,750 --> 00:36:10,079
things occurring together

854
00:36:13,670 --> 00:36:11,760
and this is why we have this incredibly

855
00:36:16,150 --> 00:36:13,680
capable scientific payload

856
00:36:16,790 --> 00:36:16,160
on our rover but this is only the

857
00:36:18,470 --> 00:36:16,800
beginning

858
00:36:20,069 --> 00:36:18,480
of course as you've heard the exciting

859
00:36:22,550 --> 00:36:20,079
part all that engineering happens

860
00:36:23,910 --> 00:36:22,560
we get the samples back on earth uh

861
00:36:26,390 --> 00:36:23,920
someday and we have

862
00:36:27,589 --> 00:36:26,400
uh folks on our team now a group of

863
00:36:30,310 --> 00:36:27,599
people called the return

864
00:36:30,630 --> 00:36:30,320
sample science participating scientists

865
00:36:32,870 --> 00:36:30,640
who

866
00:36:34,710 --> 00:36:32,880
are representing the interests of those

867
00:36:36,230 --> 00:36:34,720
those future workers and so i'll pass it

868
00:36:37,990 --> 00:36:36,240
now to libby hauserath

869
00:36:39,750 --> 00:36:38,000
who is is one of our return sample

870
00:36:40,550 --> 00:36:39,760
science participating scientists to tell

871
00:36:43,910 --> 00:36:40,560
you more about

872
00:36:44,550 --> 00:36:43,920
how all that's going to work thank you

873
00:36:47,270 --> 00:36:44,560
ken

874
00:36:49,270 --> 00:36:47,280
as others have said i am very excited to

875
00:36:50,470 --> 00:36:49,280
be one of the return sample scientists

876
00:36:53,430 --> 00:36:50,480
working on the mars

877
00:36:55,430 --> 00:36:53,440
2020 mission my job is to represent the

878
00:36:57,270 --> 00:36:55,440
interests of these future scientists

879
00:36:58,870 --> 00:36:57,280
who will study these samples once

880
00:36:59,510 --> 00:36:58,880
they're returned using cutting-edge

881
00:37:02,550 --> 00:36:59,520
techniques

882
00:37:03,270 --> 00:37:02,560
in earth's laboratories in selecting the

883
00:37:05,510 --> 00:37:03,280
samples

884
00:37:07,270 --> 00:37:05,520
we're going to try to address this main

885
00:37:09,109 --> 00:37:07,280
one of these main goals of the mission

886
00:37:11,670 --> 00:37:09,119
which is to determine whether ancient

887
00:37:13,270 --> 00:37:11,680
life existed at jezreel crater

888
00:37:15,990 --> 00:37:13,280
we will use the instruments on the

889
00:37:17,589 --> 00:37:16,000
mission this is an artist's rendition of

890
00:37:19,910 --> 00:37:17,599
the super cam instrument

891
00:37:21,990 --> 00:37:19,920
to select samples to try to be able to

892
00:37:24,069 --> 00:37:22,000
answer that question

893
00:37:25,990 --> 00:37:24,079
as mary mentioned we will look for

894
00:37:27,589 --> 00:37:26,000
samples that have evidence of past

895
00:37:31,109 --> 00:37:27,599
habitable conditions

896
00:37:31,589 --> 00:37:31,119
next slide please this is an image

897
00:37:33,349 --> 00:37:31,599
showing

898
00:37:34,710 --> 00:37:33,359
the characteristics that can indicate

899
00:37:36,630 --> 00:37:34,720
past habitability

900
00:37:38,550 --> 00:37:36,640
such as evidence of liquid water which

901
00:37:41,270 --> 00:37:38,560
is needed for all life as we know it

902
00:37:42,069 --> 00:37:41,280
all raw materials energy sources and

903
00:37:46,470 --> 00:37:42,079
sufficiently

904
00:37:48,550 --> 00:37:46,480
favorable conditions next slide please

905
00:37:49,990 --> 00:37:48,560
we will also look for samples that have

906
00:37:52,790 --> 00:37:50,000
evidence of conditions that can

907
00:37:54,870 --> 00:37:52,800
preserve past evidence of life past

908
00:37:57,270 --> 00:37:54,880
evidence of life can include organics

909
00:37:59,349 --> 00:37:57,280
minerals morphology and structure

910
00:38:01,670 --> 00:37:59,359
chemistry and isotopes

911
00:38:02,630 --> 00:38:01,680
and some materials such as clay minerals

912
00:38:04,790 --> 00:38:02,640
and silica

913
00:38:06,630 --> 00:38:04,800
are very good at preserving ancient life

914
00:38:07,829 --> 00:38:06,640
on earth and so we will look for these

915
00:38:13,589 --> 00:38:07,839
types of materials

916
00:38:17,589 --> 00:38:15,910
these samples with the potential past

917
00:38:20,550 --> 00:38:17,599
life that they may contain within

918
00:38:21,910 --> 00:38:20,560
them represent an amazing opportunity

919
00:38:23,829 --> 00:38:21,920
for future scientists

920
00:38:25,829 --> 00:38:23,839
and so i'd like to say a few words to

921
00:38:29,030 --> 00:38:25,839
future scientists who may be students

922
00:38:30,470 --> 00:38:29,040
or even children right now we all know

923
00:38:32,550 --> 00:38:30,480
that studying science

924
00:38:33,750 --> 00:38:32,560
and doing science can sometimes be

925
00:38:36,390 --> 00:38:33,760
discouraging

926
00:38:37,430 --> 00:38:36,400
science is hard science is hard for

927
00:38:39,510 --> 00:38:37,440
everybody

928
00:38:41,109 --> 00:38:39,520
so just because it's hard for you

929
00:38:42,310 --> 00:38:41,119
doesn't mean that you aren't going to be

930
00:38:44,310 --> 00:38:42,320
good at it

931
00:38:46,230 --> 00:38:44,320
it might be that you aren't as good at

932
00:38:48,710 --> 00:38:46,240
it yet as you will be

933
00:38:50,150 --> 00:38:48,720
and more practice and more experience

934
00:38:52,630 --> 00:38:50,160
will be helpful

935
00:38:53,510 --> 00:38:52,640
it might be that you are good at it

936
00:38:55,670 --> 00:38:53,520
right now

937
00:38:57,589 --> 00:38:55,680
and it's just hard and so what i would

938
00:39:00,150 --> 00:38:57,599
like to say to the future scientists

939
00:39:01,910 --> 00:39:00,160
is that perseverance is well named

940
00:39:02,790 --> 00:39:01,920
perseverance is what it takes to be a

941
00:39:04,390 --> 00:39:02,800
scientist

942
00:39:06,150 --> 00:39:04,400
and i would encourage everybody who's

943
00:39:08,230 --> 00:39:06,160
interested in studying science

944
00:39:10,150 --> 00:39:08,240
to please persevere if you feel

945
00:39:10,710 --> 00:39:10,160
discouraged perhaps reach out to a

946
00:39:13,109 --> 00:39:10,720
mentor

947
00:39:14,550 --> 00:39:13,119
or seek peer support because when these

948
00:39:16,870 --> 00:39:14,560
samples come back

949
00:39:17,670 --> 00:39:16,880
we need the best scientists from all

950
00:39:19,670 --> 00:39:17,680
backgrounds

951
00:39:21,430 --> 00:39:19,680
to help us work on these amazing

952
00:39:24,470 --> 00:39:21,440
scientific questions

953
00:39:28,310 --> 00:39:26,550
because when the samples come back we

954
00:39:30,950 --> 00:39:28,320
will be able to analyze them here

955
00:39:33,190 --> 00:39:30,960
in the best laboratories on earth this

956
00:39:35,349 --> 00:39:33,200
is an image of a synchrotron facility

957
00:39:36,550 --> 00:39:35,359
and for scale those are cars in the

958
00:39:38,870 --> 00:39:36,560
parking lot

959
00:39:40,150 --> 00:39:38,880
we can't take this to mars with us but

960
00:39:42,710 --> 00:39:40,160
what we can do

961
00:39:43,270 --> 00:39:42,720
is bring the samples back as you have

962
00:39:44,950 --> 00:39:43,280
seen

963
00:39:46,870 --> 00:39:44,960
the samples will be about the size of a

964
00:39:47,829 --> 00:39:46,880
piece of chalk and we will be able to

965
00:39:50,390 --> 00:39:47,839
analyzing them

966
00:39:51,109 --> 00:39:50,400
using techniques that require such small

967
00:39:54,150 --> 00:39:51,119
amounts

968
00:39:55,670 --> 00:39:54,160
it's difficult to see this is an image

969
00:39:57,910 --> 00:39:55,680
of one of our samples

970
00:39:59,589 --> 00:39:57,920
that was analyzed at the synchrotron on

971
00:40:01,670 --> 00:39:59,599
the tip of the capillary tube

972
00:40:02,950 --> 00:40:01,680
that is so small it's hard to see in

973
00:40:05,109 --> 00:40:02,960
this photo

974
00:40:07,109 --> 00:40:05,119
so when we can analyze these samples

975
00:40:08,390 --> 00:40:07,119
using these fine scale techniques back

976
00:40:10,710 --> 00:40:08,400
here on earth

977
00:40:13,589 --> 00:40:10,720
that is when the story really begins

978
00:40:15,670 --> 00:40:13,599
back to you marina

979
00:40:17,109 --> 00:40:15,680
thank you so much libby and thank you so

980
00:40:19,829 --> 00:40:17,119
much to all of our panelist

981
00:40:21,270 --> 00:40:19,839
presenters we are now ready to take a

982
00:40:23,750 --> 00:40:21,280
media questions

983
00:40:24,630 --> 00:40:23,760
remember to press star one to get put in

984
00:40:27,030 --> 00:40:24,640
the queue

985
00:40:28,230 --> 00:40:27,040
and please direct your questions to one

986
00:40:30,550 --> 00:40:28,240
of the panelists

987
00:40:31,750 --> 00:40:30,560
we're also taking questions through the

988
00:40:35,109 --> 00:40:31,760
hashtag

989
00:40:37,589 --> 00:40:35,119
countdown to mars our first

990
00:40:40,710 --> 00:40:37,599
question comes from jeff faust with

991
00:40:43,670 --> 00:40:40,720
space news good afternoon jeff

992
00:40:44,470 --> 00:40:43,680
good afternoon a question for thomas or

993
00:40:46,309 --> 00:40:44,480
bobby

994
00:40:47,910 --> 00:40:46,319
you mentioned the independent review

995
00:40:50,150 --> 00:40:47,920
board report

996
00:40:52,550 --> 00:40:50,160
that included a number of findings and

997
00:40:53,670 --> 00:40:52,560
recommendations about potential changes

998
00:40:56,309 --> 00:40:53,680
to the architecture

999
00:40:57,670 --> 00:40:56,319
cost schedule from our sample return i

1000
00:40:59,510 --> 00:40:57,680
wanted to see if you could provide an

1001
00:41:01,510 --> 00:40:59,520
update in terms of what nasa is

1002
00:41:03,109 --> 00:41:01,520
doing to review or implement those

1003
00:41:04,550 --> 00:41:03,119
recommendations and when we might see

1004
00:41:06,790 --> 00:41:04,560
any sort of changes

1005
00:41:08,710 --> 00:41:06,800
or decisions not to change uh the

1006
00:41:09,190 --> 00:41:08,720
overall architecture from our sample

1007
00:41:12,790 --> 00:41:09,200
return

1008
00:41:13,510 --> 00:41:12,800
thanks thanks jeff that's a a great

1009
00:41:16,230 --> 00:41:13,520
question

1010
00:41:17,670 --> 00:41:16,240
very well informed uh so that the board

1011
00:41:19,990 --> 00:41:17,680
that thomas referenced

1012
00:41:22,230 --> 00:41:20,000
was an outstanding board and we've we're

1013
00:41:25,349 --> 00:41:22,240
taking the findings and recommendations

1014
00:41:26,630 --> 00:41:25,359
uh from that report very seriously so

1015
00:41:28,390 --> 00:41:26,640
the program now the

1016
00:41:29,829 --> 00:41:28,400
the flight missions that i was referring

1017
00:41:32,550 --> 00:41:29,839
to that are in development

1018
00:41:32,950 --> 00:41:32,560
we're in what's called phase a and phase

1019
00:41:36,870 --> 00:41:32,960
a

1020
00:41:39,750 --> 00:41:36,880
missions

1021
00:41:41,109 --> 00:41:39,760
we don't have a firm baseline at nasa

1022
00:41:42,630 --> 00:41:41,119
for the way we're going to do these

1023
00:41:45,750 --> 00:41:42,640
missions until the end

1024
00:41:47,030 --> 00:41:45,760
of of phase a and so as part of our

1025
00:41:49,910 --> 00:41:47,040
phase a studies

1026
00:41:51,190 --> 00:41:49,920
we are we've incorporated the findings

1027
00:41:53,510 --> 00:41:51,200
and recommendations

1028
00:41:55,030 --> 00:41:53,520
uh from that board report so we're still

1029
00:41:56,390 --> 00:41:55,040
looking at a number of trades we were

1030
00:41:57,990 --> 00:41:56,400
looking at a number of

1031
00:42:00,550 --> 00:41:58,000
different trades ourselves and we've

1032
00:42:01,510 --> 00:42:00,560
added uh to that trade space based on

1033
00:42:04,150 --> 00:42:01,520
the report

1034
00:42:04,790 --> 00:42:04,160
and we plan to respond uh fully to all

1035
00:42:07,270 --> 00:42:04,800
of those

1036
00:42:08,309 --> 00:42:07,280
uh actions by the end of this this phase

1037
00:42:10,230 --> 00:42:08,319
that we're in now

1038
00:42:12,069 --> 00:42:10,240
and that'll be at the uh you know

1039
00:42:16,150 --> 00:42:12,079
somewhere around october

1040
00:42:18,230 --> 00:42:16,160
of 2021.

1041
00:42:19,270 --> 00:42:18,240
thank you jeff and thank you bobby our

1042
00:42:22,150 --> 00:42:19,280
next caller is

1043
00:42:23,990 --> 00:42:22,160
mike wall with space.com good afternoon

1044
00:42:27,670 --> 00:42:24,000
mike

1045
00:42:29,349 --> 00:42:27,680
yep yeah yeah hi thank you all um

1046
00:42:31,430 --> 00:42:29,359
and yeah yeah i mean best of luck

1047
00:42:33,990 --> 00:42:31,440
tomorrow to everyone um

1048
00:42:36,069 --> 00:42:34,000
i'm i'm interested in there's there's

1049
00:42:37,430 --> 00:42:36,079
like there's one aspect of the return to

1050
00:42:38,870 --> 00:42:37,440
earth that i don't think we've

1051
00:42:40,790 --> 00:42:38,880
talked about that much and that's where

1052
00:42:43,829 --> 00:42:40,800
these samples are are going to be housed

1053
00:42:45,109 --> 00:42:43,839
the the like new sample return facility

1054
00:42:47,349 --> 00:42:45,119
so i just like i mean

1055
00:42:49,270 --> 00:42:47,359
like is there any news about what the

1056
00:42:49,670 --> 00:42:49,280
planning for that involves at the moment

1057
00:42:52,309 --> 00:42:49,680
and

1058
00:42:53,990 --> 00:42:52,319
when what the timeline is for um for

1059
00:42:56,150 --> 00:42:54,000
when that facility is going to be

1060
00:42:57,430 --> 00:42:56,160
sort of greenlit and built and what it's

1061
00:42:59,670 --> 00:42:57,440
going to look like what what

1062
00:43:01,270 --> 00:42:59,680
what sort of buildings are you using as

1063
00:43:02,150 --> 00:43:01,280
a model for that facility down the road

1064
00:43:04,390 --> 00:43:02,160
do you think

1065
00:43:05,990 --> 00:43:04,400
thank you i'm going to start answering

1066
00:43:07,990 --> 00:43:06,000
the question i'll kick it over to bobby

1067
00:43:10,550 --> 00:43:08,000
for more technical details

1068
00:43:11,270 --> 00:43:10,560
but you should know just as part of the

1069
00:43:13,589 --> 00:43:11,280
kind of

1070
00:43:15,829 --> 00:43:13,599
response relative as part of that phase

1071
00:43:18,710 --> 00:43:15,839
a work that bobby referred to

1072
00:43:19,430 --> 00:43:18,720
we're also looking at the ground systems

1073
00:43:21,750 --> 00:43:19,440
now

1074
00:43:22,790 --> 00:43:21,760
and we're kicking that off as a really

1075
00:43:24,790 --> 00:43:22,800
deliberate study

1076
00:43:26,870 --> 00:43:24,800
uh looking with the international

1077
00:43:29,430 --> 00:43:26,880
community and what needs to happen

1078
00:43:30,710 --> 00:43:29,440
considering all the elements that are

1079
00:43:32,230 --> 00:43:30,720
there remember

1080
00:43:33,990 --> 00:43:32,240
when they hit the ground from the

1081
00:43:36,230 --> 00:43:34,000
beginning we want to make sure that we

1082
00:43:37,349 --> 00:43:36,240
are protected against all eventualities

1083
00:43:40,309 --> 00:43:37,359
and needless to say

1084
00:43:40,790 --> 00:43:40,319
there's a lot of knowledge we can gain

1085
00:43:43,990 --> 00:43:40,800
from

1086
00:43:46,710 --> 00:43:44,000
other people who are dealing with uh

1087
00:43:47,829 --> 00:43:46,720
with unknown kind of chemicals unknown

1088
00:43:49,430 --> 00:43:47,839
engines and that's

1089
00:43:52,470 --> 00:43:49,440
that's kind of the first phase kind of

1090
00:43:53,030 --> 00:43:52,480
the sample uh retrieving facility phase

1091
00:43:54,710 --> 00:43:53,040
and then

1092
00:43:56,790 --> 00:43:54,720
you know there's a process by which we

1093
00:43:57,190 --> 00:43:56,800
release those samples with a very very

1094
00:43:59,829 --> 00:43:57,200
high

1095
00:44:00,550 --> 00:43:59,839
likelihood and kind of very freely uh

1096
00:44:02,870 --> 00:44:00,560
with you know

1097
00:44:04,710 --> 00:44:02,880
according to to the various uh

1098
00:44:05,030 --> 00:44:04,720
principles that we're setting out so

1099
00:44:07,349 --> 00:44:05,040
we're

1100
00:44:09,030 --> 00:44:07,359
right in the middle of this and and just

1101
00:44:11,670 --> 00:44:09,040
like we said uh this is

1102
00:44:13,030 --> 00:44:11,680
not yet uh concluded but that bobby

1103
00:44:15,589 --> 00:44:13,040
anything you wanted to add

1104
00:44:17,270 --> 00:44:15,599
yeah just very quickly add um you know

1105
00:44:18,870 --> 00:44:17,280
just the time frame here right so the

1106
00:44:20,069 --> 00:44:18,880
new missions that we're talking about

1107
00:44:23,030 --> 00:44:20,079
will launch in

1108
00:44:23,430 --> 00:44:23,040
26 or 28 the samples will come back to

1109
00:44:26,390 --> 00:44:23,440
earth

1110
00:44:27,190 --> 00:44:26,400
in the early 2030s so there's a good bit

1111
00:44:29,349 --> 00:44:27,200
there's a decade

1112
00:44:30,710 --> 00:44:29,359
between now and the time that the

1113
00:44:32,870 --> 00:44:30,720
samples would be

1114
00:44:33,990 --> 00:44:32,880
needed to go into the facility we are

1115
00:44:36,870 --> 00:44:34,000
looking at both

1116
00:44:37,990 --> 00:44:36,880
modification to existing facilities and

1117
00:44:40,309 --> 00:44:38,000
creation

1118
00:44:41,430 --> 00:44:40,319
of new facilities but that's a study

1119
00:44:44,550 --> 00:44:41,440
that's uh

1120
00:44:47,910 --> 00:44:44,560
you know just ongoing thank you

1121
00:44:51,030 --> 00:44:47,920
to dr zian to bobby next caller is

1122
00:44:53,030 --> 00:44:51,040
keith cowing from nasa watch good

1123
00:44:54,790 --> 00:44:53,040
afternoon keith

1124
00:44:57,510 --> 00:44:54,800
good afternoon can you hear me yes we

1125
00:44:59,910 --> 00:44:57,520
can hear you okay for dr zabukin with

1126
00:45:02,230 --> 00:44:59,920
regard to the exploration of mars

1127
00:45:03,910 --> 00:45:02,240
just as is the case with the moon

1128
00:45:06,069 --> 00:45:03,920
there's a growing international presence

1129
00:45:08,069 --> 00:45:06,079
in orbit on the surface indeed the uae

1130
00:45:08,790 --> 00:45:08,079
and china joined the mars club just last

1131
00:45:10,150 --> 00:45:08,800
week

1132
00:45:12,069 --> 00:45:10,160
but just as things are becoming more

1133
00:45:14,309 --> 00:45:12,079
complex with lunar exploration

1134
00:45:15,670 --> 00:45:14,319
when the issues of planetary protection

1135
00:45:16,790 --> 00:45:15,680
orbital traffic management

1136
00:45:18,710 --> 00:45:16,800
communications

1137
00:45:20,950 --> 00:45:18,720
and science collaborations demonstrate a

1138
00:45:22,309 --> 00:45:20,960
need for the establishment of

1139
00:45:24,630 --> 00:45:22,319
what many people would call good

1140
00:45:26,630 --> 00:45:24,640
practices on mars especially in advance

1141
00:45:28,309 --> 00:45:26,640
of possible commercial human missions

1142
00:45:29,990 --> 00:45:28,319
specifically should something akin to

1143
00:45:30,790 --> 00:45:30,000
the artemis accords which were developed

1144
00:45:32,230 --> 00:45:30,800
for the moon

1145
00:45:35,510 --> 00:45:32,240
also be a good thing to think about

1146
00:45:37,030 --> 00:45:35,520
establishing for the exploration of mars

1147
00:45:39,270 --> 00:45:37,040
thanks so much keith for your uh

1148
00:45:42,150 --> 00:45:39,280
question you are of course correct

1149
00:45:43,670 --> 00:45:42,160
that is that kind of exploration of mars

1150
00:45:45,670 --> 00:45:43,680
is one that has

1151
00:45:47,510 --> 00:45:45,680
many players now and we're so excited

1152
00:45:49,109 --> 00:45:47,520
about the two missions that arrived only

1153
00:45:52,390 --> 00:45:49,119
days or weeks

1154
00:45:54,069 --> 00:45:52,400
ago you know we celebrate all peaceful

1155
00:45:55,510 --> 00:45:54,079
exploration of outer space and

1156
00:45:56,870 --> 00:45:55,520
especially as it's done kind of

1157
00:45:59,109 --> 00:45:56,880
individual countries

1158
00:46:00,069 --> 00:45:59,119
kind of spending their own treasure

1159
00:46:01,510 --> 00:46:00,079
towards

1160
00:46:03,270 --> 00:46:01,520
you know benefiting the science

1161
00:46:05,030 --> 00:46:03,280
community as a whole so

1162
00:46:07,670 --> 00:46:05,040
we're really glad for that it is also

1163
00:46:09,910 --> 00:46:07,680
true that as we already have a number of

1164
00:46:11,910 --> 00:46:09,920
spacecraft in orbit around

1165
00:46:13,750 --> 00:46:11,920
mars for example we've had actually a

1166
00:46:14,870 --> 00:46:13,760
number of discussions and bilateral

1167
00:46:16,710 --> 00:46:14,880
discussions

1168
00:46:18,790 --> 00:46:16,720
with a community overall just to make

1169
00:46:19,430 --> 00:46:18,800
sure that these assets are safe as

1170
00:46:21,670 --> 00:46:19,440
they're

1171
00:46:23,190 --> 00:46:21,680
in orbit around it so it's discussions

1172
00:46:25,430 --> 00:46:23,200
of that type as a

1173
00:46:26,870 --> 00:46:25,440
the community overall needs to really

1174
00:46:29,349 --> 00:46:26,880
focus on

1175
00:46:30,069 --> 00:46:29,359
just for the benefit of all players that

1176
00:46:32,630 --> 00:46:30,079
are uh

1177
00:46:33,430 --> 00:46:32,640
you know in orbit uh right now it's also

1178
00:46:35,510 --> 00:46:33,440
true

1179
00:46:36,470 --> 00:46:35,520
that uh with the artemis accords as you

1180
00:46:39,829 --> 00:46:36,480
said uh

1181
00:46:41,910 --> 00:46:39,839
uh jeff gorsa uh sorry keith uh

1182
00:46:43,430 --> 00:46:41,920
of course is that uh with the artemis

1183
00:46:45,910 --> 00:46:43,440
accords we're really

1184
00:46:47,589 --> 00:46:45,920
seeking to kind of create a platform for

1185
00:46:49,829 --> 00:46:47,599
that with multiple

1186
00:46:51,109 --> 00:46:49,839
signees already uh in the national

1187
00:46:53,670 --> 00:46:51,119
community i think we're

1188
00:46:55,349 --> 00:46:53,680
as we're getting experience uh from the

1189
00:46:56,069 --> 00:46:55,359
moon you know it's very much worth

1190
00:46:57,990 --> 00:46:56,079
thinking about

1191
00:47:00,550 --> 00:46:58,000
what the framework is in which we expand

1192
00:47:01,910 --> 00:47:00,560
that uh going forward especially

1193
00:47:03,430 --> 00:47:01,920
as we would expect because of the

1194
00:47:04,309 --> 00:47:03,440
excitement of mars there will be

1195
00:47:07,190 --> 00:47:04,319
multiple

1196
00:47:08,550 --> 00:47:07,200
players still that will uh enter kind of

1197
00:47:14,069 --> 00:47:08,560
the community of

1198
00:47:17,349 --> 00:47:15,910
thank you so much keith and thank you to

1199
00:47:20,069 --> 00:47:17,359
dr z remember to

1200
00:47:21,829 --> 00:47:20,079
press star one to get into the queue if

1201
00:47:24,390 --> 00:47:21,839
you are on the phone lines we are now

1202
00:47:27,270 --> 00:47:24,400
going to turn to a social media question

1203
00:47:29,910 --> 00:47:27,280
genie on facebook asks how long will

1204
00:47:30,309 --> 00:47:29,920
perseverance be collecting those samples

1205
00:47:51,430 --> 00:47:30,319
on

1206
00:47:52,150 --> 00:47:51,440
two earth years um and so we're all

1207
00:47:55,190 --> 00:47:52,160
signed up

1208
00:47:57,829 --> 00:47:55,200
to to a mission that uh you know allows

1209
00:48:00,069 --> 00:47:57,839
us to explore the jezro system for

1210
00:48:00,950 --> 00:48:00,079
for about two earth years collecting

1211
00:48:03,990 --> 00:48:00,960
samples

1212
00:48:04,790 --> 00:48:04,000
um and assembling a returnable cache of

1213
00:48:07,349 --> 00:48:04,800
samples

1214
00:48:08,950 --> 00:48:07,359
uh if we're fortunate enough to have a

1215
00:48:10,230 --> 00:48:08,960
functioning spacecraft and all the

1216
00:48:13,109 --> 00:48:10,240
resources

1217
00:48:15,030 --> 00:48:13,119
we need to do to accomplish it we'd like

1218
00:48:17,589 --> 00:48:15,040
to continue that exploration

1219
00:48:19,750 --> 00:48:17,599
in fact onto the crater rim and and even

1220
00:48:21,190 --> 00:48:19,760
beyond jezreel where there are some

1221
00:48:23,430 --> 00:48:21,200
incredibly exciting

1222
00:48:25,270 --> 00:48:23,440
uh rocks that are quite different uh

1223
00:48:27,109 --> 00:48:25,280
from the rocks in jezreel crater

1224
00:48:29,430 --> 00:48:27,119
and would allow us to to massively

1225
00:48:32,950 --> 00:48:29,440
expand the the scientific value

1226
00:48:34,390 --> 00:48:32,960
um of our cash and so you know that that

1227
00:48:36,790 --> 00:48:34,400
could be a number of years but as you've

1228
00:48:37,670 --> 00:48:36,800
heard from um from the others on the

1229
00:48:40,309 --> 00:48:37,680
panel

1230
00:48:41,430 --> 00:48:40,319
uh we've got a ways to go before that uh

1231
00:48:44,549 --> 00:48:41,440
sample retrieval

1232
00:48:47,829 --> 00:48:44,559
lander arrives

1233
00:48:48,870 --> 00:48:47,839
thank you ken our next caller is ken

1234
00:48:52,630 --> 00:48:48,880
creamer from

1235
00:48:54,309 --> 00:48:52,640
space up close good afternoon ken

1236
00:48:56,069 --> 00:48:54,319
ah good afternoon thank you thanks for

1237
00:48:56,870 --> 00:48:56,079
taking my question and good luck again

1238
00:49:01,030 --> 00:48:56,880
to everybody

1239
00:49:03,190 --> 00:49:01,040
um kind of a question about the

1240
00:49:04,790 --> 00:49:03,200
facility why you already have the lunar

1241
00:49:08,230 --> 00:49:04,800
planetary lab i'm curious

1242
00:49:09,990 --> 00:49:08,240
why do you need a new facility

1243
00:49:12,549 --> 00:49:10,000
if you could go into that a little bit

1244
00:49:13,270 --> 00:49:12,559
and uh also why is the earth's return

1245
00:49:18,150 --> 00:49:13,280
orbiter

1246
00:49:22,390 --> 00:49:21,109
yeah okay thank you for your question uh

1247
00:49:23,990 --> 00:49:22,400
so

1248
00:49:26,309 --> 00:49:24,000
what i tried to say earlier was that we

1249
00:49:27,109 --> 00:49:26,319
were considering multiple options for

1250
00:49:29,349 --> 00:49:27,119
the facility

1251
00:49:30,309 --> 00:49:29,359
including modification of existing

1252
00:49:33,589 --> 00:49:30,319
facilities

1253
00:49:37,109 --> 00:49:33,599
and the potential for a new facility

1254
00:49:39,430 --> 00:49:37,119
there will need to be in place protocols

1255
00:49:40,309 --> 00:49:39,440
for the creation of these samples that's

1256
00:49:42,790 --> 00:49:40,319
a bit different

1257
00:49:43,510 --> 00:49:42,800
than the existing protocols for instance

1258
00:49:47,190 --> 00:49:43,520
from

1259
00:49:49,109 --> 00:49:47,200
lunar samples because of the science uh

1260
00:49:50,630 --> 00:49:49,119
and and the origin of the samples

1261
00:49:53,030 --> 00:49:50,640
themselves

1262
00:49:54,309 --> 00:49:53,040
uh in terms of the earth return orbiter

1263
00:49:55,750 --> 00:49:54,319
i'll i'll start

1264
00:49:58,630 --> 00:49:55,760
since i'm speaking i'll start and i'll

1265
00:50:00,790 --> 00:49:58,640
kick it over to david in just a minute

1266
00:50:01,670 --> 00:50:00,800
but the size of the solar arrays is

1267
00:50:03,990 --> 00:50:01,680
driven

1268
00:50:05,510 --> 00:50:04,000
by the timeline constraints from earth

1269
00:50:07,750 --> 00:50:05,520
to mars

1270
00:50:09,190 --> 00:50:07,760
and the fact that it's a low thrust

1271
00:50:11,910 --> 00:50:09,200
propulsion system

1272
00:50:13,750 --> 00:50:11,920
that allows flexibility for us to

1273
00:50:15,910 --> 00:50:13,760
maneuver and rendezvous with the

1274
00:50:18,470 --> 00:50:15,920
the sample system uh david did you want

1275
00:50:20,470 --> 00:50:18,480
to add to that in any way

1276
00:50:21,750 --> 00:50:20,480
yeah uh maybe the simplest way of

1277
00:50:23,510 --> 00:50:21,760
answering the question is say it's the

1278
00:50:25,910 --> 00:50:23,520
laws of physics because this is the

1279
00:50:28,230 --> 00:50:25,920
the first time a mild spacecraft doesn't

1280
00:50:29,589 --> 00:50:28,240
have to just get in go to mars get into

1281
00:50:31,589 --> 00:50:29,599
orbit around mars

1282
00:50:32,790 --> 00:50:31,599
it's got to leave the orbit of mars and

1283
00:50:34,870 --> 00:50:32,800
come back again

1284
00:50:36,870 --> 00:50:34,880
so all the propellant you need to come

1285
00:50:37,670 --> 00:50:36,880
back we have to take with us on the way

1286
00:50:39,910 --> 00:50:37,680
out there

1287
00:50:42,309 --> 00:50:39,920
which is why the spacecraft the aero is

1288
00:50:44,950 --> 00:50:42,319
actually in two pieces it has a stage

1289
00:50:46,549 --> 00:50:44,960
that is left behind after the initial

1290
00:50:49,190 --> 00:50:46,559
orbit insertion at mars

1291
00:50:50,309 --> 00:50:49,200
so that's the big chemical propulsion

1292
00:50:53,109 --> 00:50:50,319
module

1293
00:50:55,030 --> 00:50:53,119
that's does the first orbit insertion

1294
00:50:56,230 --> 00:50:55,040
then we spiral down with the electric

1295
00:50:59,349 --> 00:50:56,240
propulsion system

1296
00:50:59,990 --> 00:50:59,359
to a low mars orbit do the sample

1297
00:51:02,549 --> 00:51:00,000
capture

1298
00:51:03,510 --> 00:51:02,559
uh process and then spiral back out

1299
00:51:06,950 --> 00:51:03,520
again and then

1300
00:51:08,710 --> 00:51:06,960
depart for for earth so it's because we

1301
00:51:10,630 --> 00:51:08,720
have so many more maneuvers to do than

1302
00:51:13,670 --> 00:51:10,640
any previous mars mission

1303
00:51:15,510 --> 00:51:13,680
and that drives the size of it thank you

1304
00:51:16,549 --> 00:51:15,520
bobby and david our next question on

1305
00:51:19,270 --> 00:51:16,559
social media

1306
00:51:20,870 --> 00:51:19,280
is aaron on facebook from his

1307
00:51:23,829 --> 00:51:20,880
nine-year-old son

1308
00:51:24,470 --> 00:51:23,839
if you find any sort of life form what

1309
00:51:26,950 --> 00:51:24,480
would be

1310
00:51:30,549 --> 00:51:26,960
the next step mary would you like to

1311
00:51:37,270 --> 00:51:33,829
sure i'd be happy to so um

1312
00:51:39,510 --> 00:51:37,280
i think as we've tried to to show you

1313
00:51:40,630 --> 00:51:39,520
it's going to be a real challenge

1314
00:51:44,470 --> 00:51:40,640
finding

1315
00:51:45,990 --> 00:51:44,480
a definitive evidence of past life

1316
00:51:47,589 --> 00:51:46,000
we're not really equipped in this

1317
00:51:50,150 --> 00:51:47,599
mission to actually look for

1318
00:51:51,829 --> 00:51:50,160
something that is living at present and

1319
00:51:53,510 --> 00:51:51,839
we don't think that we would find it in

1320
00:51:55,109 --> 00:51:53,520
this particular site where we're going

1321
00:51:58,549 --> 00:51:55,119
to investigate

1322
00:51:59,030 --> 00:51:58,559
this is a great site for an ancient lake

1323
00:52:01,030 --> 00:51:59,040
bed

1324
00:52:03,510 --> 00:52:01,040
where we could find evidence of ancient

1325
00:52:05,430 --> 00:52:03,520
life uh it's going to take

1326
00:52:07,430 --> 00:52:05,440
the measurements that we make actually

1327
00:52:09,990 --> 00:52:07,440
on the planet as well as

1328
00:52:11,750 --> 00:52:10,000
measurements made by many scientists

1329
00:52:12,950 --> 00:52:11,760
around the world when the samples are

1330
00:52:14,390 --> 00:52:12,960
brought back

1331
00:52:16,870 --> 00:52:14,400
it's also going to take a lot of

1332
00:52:18,950 --> 00:52:16,880
discussion because as we mentioned

1333
00:52:19,910 --> 00:52:18,960
some of the things that we observe can

1334
00:52:22,950 --> 00:52:19,920
be deceiving

1335
00:52:24,790 --> 00:52:22,960
because it can be come from life but it

1336
00:52:26,309 --> 00:52:24,800
can also come from something that isn't

1337
00:52:28,470 --> 00:52:26,319
related to life

1338
00:52:30,549 --> 00:52:28,480
and so we've got our work cut out with

1339
00:52:32,069 --> 00:52:30,559
for us not just in collecting the right

1340
00:52:34,870 --> 00:52:32,079
samples but once they come

1341
00:52:35,990 --> 00:52:34,880
back as well and i just want you to know

1342
00:52:39,030 --> 00:52:36,000
that

1343
00:52:40,470 --> 00:52:39,040
nasa and nasa scientists

1344
00:52:42,150 --> 00:52:40,480
and all the scientists around the world

1345
00:52:43,190 --> 00:52:42,160
that are working on this are going to

1346
00:52:46,150 --> 00:52:43,200
apply

1347
00:52:48,549 --> 00:52:46,160
the highest rigor in the analysis of

1348
00:52:51,510 --> 00:52:48,559
this sample before we

1349
00:52:53,910 --> 00:52:51,520
release any interpretation one way or

1350
00:52:55,589 --> 00:52:53,920
the other

1351
00:52:56,950 --> 00:52:55,599
so i just wanted to add something for

1352
00:52:58,870 --> 00:52:56,960
this uh

1353
00:53:00,230 --> 00:52:58,880
nine-year-old future scientist you know

1354
00:53:02,230 --> 00:53:00,240
let me just tell you what my first

1355
00:53:03,750 --> 00:53:02,240
question will be if you found life some

1356
00:53:06,630 --> 00:53:03,760
somewhere else the first question would

1357
00:53:07,030 --> 00:53:06,640
be is it the same life we have on earth

1358
00:53:09,829 --> 00:53:07,040
as

1359
00:53:11,270 --> 00:53:09,839
or is it entirely different and let me

1360
00:53:12,390 --> 00:53:11,280
tell you i'm asking that question you

1361
00:53:14,309 --> 00:53:12,400
know there's a really

1362
00:53:16,870 --> 00:53:14,319
important fact about life on earth which

1363
00:53:18,870 --> 00:53:16,880
is all life is related

1364
00:53:20,069 --> 00:53:18,880
can you imagine that whether you have

1365
00:53:22,790 --> 00:53:20,079
like a mouse

1366
00:53:23,430 --> 00:53:22,800
where you have some small kind of small

1367
00:53:25,829 --> 00:53:23,440
cell

1368
00:53:28,150 --> 00:53:25,839
things or a giraffe or a human being all

1369
00:53:30,790 --> 00:53:28,160
life is related somehow if you look

1370
00:53:32,150 --> 00:53:30,800
kind of under a microscope life is looks

1371
00:53:33,750 --> 00:53:32,160
kind of the same

1372
00:53:35,190 --> 00:53:33,760
and so for me the first question would

1373
00:53:37,829 --> 00:53:35,200
be is that

1374
00:53:38,710 --> 00:53:37,839
life that was found there the different

1375
00:53:42,549 --> 00:53:38,720
life

1376
00:53:45,109 --> 00:53:42,559
get if you go from

1377
00:53:47,589 --> 00:53:45,119
one thing to many things it's just a

1378
00:53:49,990 --> 00:53:47,599
huge step forward and i still remember

1379
00:53:52,069 --> 00:53:50,000
the first time we found planetary

1380
00:53:54,630 --> 00:53:52,079
systems around another star

1381
00:53:57,349 --> 00:53:54,640
the only solar system we knew was our

1382
00:53:59,990 --> 00:53:57,359
solar system and kind of in the mid 90s

1383
00:54:02,150 --> 00:54:00,000
well before you were born we went to

1384
00:54:02,710 --> 00:54:02,160
many planeteer systems we learned so

1385
00:54:05,510 --> 00:54:02,720
much

1386
00:54:07,270 --> 00:54:05,520
not just about these systems but our own

1387
00:54:08,069 --> 00:54:07,280
system and it's that kind of huge

1388
00:54:11,750 --> 00:54:08,079
transition

1389
00:54:12,309 --> 00:54:11,760
that we would focus on thank you mary

1390
00:54:14,790 --> 00:54:12,319
and dr

1391
00:54:16,069 --> 00:54:14,800
z our next question along the same lines

1392
00:54:18,549 --> 00:54:16,079
about focusing

1393
00:54:19,510 --> 00:54:18,559
on searching for that past life holden

1394
00:54:21,670 --> 00:54:19,520
asks

1395
00:54:24,230 --> 00:54:21,680
would you let the public know if

1396
00:54:29,109 --> 00:54:24,240
evidence of past life was found

1397
00:54:31,109 --> 00:54:29,119
if so how soon after finding it

1398
00:54:33,109 --> 00:54:31,119
one of the things we really believe in

1399
00:54:34,870 --> 00:54:33,119
at nasa and i know our european space

1400
00:54:36,069 --> 00:54:34,880
agency friends are exactly the same and

1401
00:54:37,750 --> 00:54:36,079
that is that

1402
00:54:39,750 --> 00:54:37,760
the work that we're finding the research

1403
00:54:42,470 --> 00:54:39,760
that we're finding will be made public

1404
00:54:43,349 --> 00:54:42,480
and the answer therefore is absolutely

1405
00:54:45,109 --> 00:54:43,359
we would

1406
00:54:46,470 --> 00:54:45,119
with the due diligence that we always

1407
00:54:48,710 --> 00:54:46,480
use in science and

1408
00:54:49,589 --> 00:54:48,720
our peer review that is so critical to

1409
00:54:51,430 --> 00:54:49,599
make sure

1410
00:54:52,630 --> 00:54:51,440
that it's not an individual's opinion

1411
00:54:55,750 --> 00:54:52,640
alone but really

1412
00:54:57,670 --> 00:54:55,760
work that kind of kind of

1413
00:54:59,349 --> 00:54:57,680
reflects the scrutiny that we want in

1414
00:55:00,630 --> 00:54:59,359
science that once we're through that

1415
00:55:03,829 --> 00:55:00,640
gate of course we would

1416
00:55:05,990 --> 00:55:03,839
communicate to the entire uh you know

1417
00:55:07,510 --> 00:55:06,000
scientific and the broad community so

1418
00:55:10,710 --> 00:55:07,520
absolutely

1419
00:55:12,870 --> 00:55:10,720
and david would you like to add to that

1420
00:55:14,789 --> 00:55:12,880
yeah absolutely thank you i mean one of

1421
00:55:16,390 --> 00:55:14,799
the aspects of mild sample return why

1422
00:55:19,109 --> 00:55:16,400
it's so important is that we'll have

1423
00:55:21,589 --> 00:55:19,119
samples not that won't just be studied

1424
00:55:23,270 --> 00:55:21,599
by one scientist in one laboratory but

1425
00:55:24,549 --> 00:55:23,280
by scientists and laboratories all

1426
00:55:27,030 --> 00:55:24,559
around the world

1427
00:55:28,230 --> 00:55:27,040
because if we believe we found evidence

1428
00:55:30,950 --> 00:55:28,240
of ancient life

1429
00:55:33,030 --> 00:55:30,960
that's a very extraordinary claim and

1430
00:55:34,549 --> 00:55:33,040
therefore we need extraordinary evidence

1431
00:55:37,030 --> 00:55:34,559
and we would expect different

1432
00:55:38,789 --> 00:55:37,040
laboratories studying in different ways

1433
00:55:41,349 --> 00:55:38,799
the same samples

1434
00:55:43,190 --> 00:55:41,359
to give us the same message if only one

1435
00:55:44,309 --> 00:55:43,200
lab laboratory says yes and all the

1436
00:55:47,589 --> 00:55:44,319
others say no

1437
00:55:49,430 --> 00:55:47,599
then we have to keep looking thank you

1438
00:55:52,309 --> 00:55:49,440
dr zian david

1439
00:55:53,670 --> 00:55:52,319
next a mark on facebook asks how will

1440
00:55:56,630 --> 00:55:53,680
the future missions

1441
00:55:57,109 --> 00:55:56,640
find these samples wouldn't dust cover

1442
00:55:59,990 --> 00:55:57,119
them

1443
00:56:01,270 --> 00:56:00,000
bobby uh yeah that's actually a great

1444
00:56:02,950 --> 00:56:01,280
question and something that we've

1445
00:56:06,390 --> 00:56:02,960
studied at depth and the

1446
00:56:09,349 --> 00:56:06,400
the simple answer is no when

1447
00:56:10,470 --> 00:56:09,359
perseverance uh places the samples down

1448
00:56:12,390 --> 00:56:10,480
on the mars surface

1449
00:56:13,510 --> 00:56:12,400
we're going to know precisely where

1450
00:56:16,950 --> 00:56:13,520
perseverance

1451
00:56:19,750 --> 00:56:16,960
is and so where the samples are placed

1452
00:56:20,549 --> 00:56:19,760
there may be some dust that accumulates

1453
00:56:22,870 --> 00:56:20,559
but the

1454
00:56:25,030 --> 00:56:22,880
sample tubes themselves are not going to

1455
00:56:29,109 --> 00:56:25,040
move across the surface so they'll be

1456
00:56:31,190 --> 00:56:29,119
basically tagged located for all time

1457
00:56:33,030 --> 00:56:31,200
and then we will land the sample

1458
00:56:33,589 --> 00:56:33,040
retrieval lander and the sample fetch

1459
00:56:36,230 --> 00:56:33,599
rover

1460
00:56:38,069 --> 00:56:36,240
as close to those to those locations as

1461
00:56:40,230 --> 00:56:38,079
possible

1462
00:56:42,150 --> 00:56:40,240
thank you bobby our next question comes

1463
00:56:44,230 --> 00:56:42,160
from nathan on instagram

1464
00:56:46,390 --> 00:56:44,240
asking what will the scientist's

1465
00:56:47,030 --> 00:56:46,400
approach be when the samples return to

1466
00:56:50,150 --> 00:56:47,040
earth

1467
00:56:53,349 --> 00:56:50,160
will they ever be displayed in a museum

1468
00:56:57,430 --> 00:56:53,359
libby would you take that one

1469
00:56:59,589 --> 00:56:57,440
sure i'd be happy to um in terms of the

1470
00:57:03,030 --> 00:56:59,599
app like to echo many of the things

1471
00:57:05,030 --> 00:57:03,040
that um have been said about uh the

1472
00:57:06,150 --> 00:57:05,040
importance of multiple lines of evidence

1473
00:57:07,430 --> 00:57:06,160
so scientists

1474
00:57:09,510 --> 00:57:07,440
will use one of the reasons the

1475
00:57:10,950 --> 00:57:09,520
biosignature figure that i did

1476
00:57:13,270 --> 00:57:10,960
is that one of the things scientists

1477
00:57:13,990 --> 00:57:13,280
will be looking for is multiple lines of

1478
00:57:17,510 --> 00:57:14,000
evidence

1479
00:57:19,750 --> 00:57:17,520
for um for life and i don't know as

1480
00:57:20,950 --> 00:57:19,760
others have talked about the the plans

1481
00:57:23,910 --> 00:57:20,960
for the sample

1482
00:57:25,510 --> 00:57:23,920
um are are still in the work i am i

1483
00:57:29,190 --> 00:57:25,520
imagine that it will be possible to see

1484
00:57:35,430 --> 00:57:32,630
great thank you so much libby and darius

1485
00:57:36,390 --> 00:57:35,440
on twitter asks how will information

1486
00:57:38,549 --> 00:57:36,400
from this mission

1487
00:57:40,309 --> 00:57:38,559
help with the challenge of getting

1488
00:57:43,589 --> 00:57:40,319
humans to mars

1489
00:57:47,829 --> 00:57:45,270
we're really excited about this mission

1490
00:57:49,910 --> 00:57:47,839
because in so many ways it opens doors

1491
00:57:51,670 --> 00:57:49,920
for new technologies that are exactly

1492
00:57:53,910 --> 00:57:51,680
doing what is being asked

1493
00:57:55,270 --> 00:57:53,920
getting trying to for us to learn how to

1494
00:57:57,670 --> 00:57:55,280
get humans to mars

1495
00:57:59,270 --> 00:57:57,680
in part that has to do with the precise

1496
00:58:01,510 --> 00:57:59,280
landing technology that

1497
00:58:03,910 --> 00:58:01,520
bobby already talked about it's also

1498
00:58:06,789 --> 00:58:03,920
about the moxie instrument which uh

1499
00:58:09,349 --> 00:58:06,799
of course is trying to take uh carbon

1500
00:58:11,750 --> 00:58:09,359
dioxide you know the atmosphere of

1501
00:58:13,910 --> 00:58:11,760
mars and making breathable oxygen out of

1502
00:58:16,309 --> 00:58:13,920
it or oxygen we could be using

1503
00:58:17,990 --> 00:58:16,319
for fuel but i think the other thing i

1504
00:58:20,230 --> 00:58:18,000
also want to talk about is

1505
00:58:22,309 --> 00:58:20,240
is whenever we land with humans we want

1506
00:58:24,950 --> 00:58:22,319
to know what we're going to meet kind of

1507
00:58:26,950 --> 00:58:24,960
in terms of the history but also in

1508
00:58:29,270 --> 00:58:26,960
terms of the composition overall

1509
00:58:30,390 --> 00:58:29,280
and the samples in many ways even from

1510
00:58:32,710 --> 00:58:30,400
that perspective

1511
00:58:33,750 --> 00:58:32,720
are really adding important information

1512
00:58:35,750 --> 00:58:33,760
to address

1513
00:58:37,750 --> 00:58:35,760
that question so that the perseverance

1514
00:58:39,990 --> 00:58:37,760
mission and especially together

1515
00:58:41,430 --> 00:58:40,000
with its more sample return partner with

1516
00:58:44,150 --> 00:58:41,440
all the technologies that

1517
00:58:45,750 --> 00:58:44,160
were being talked about earlier really

1518
00:58:46,950 --> 00:58:45,760
are a step in the direction of human

1519
00:58:50,150 --> 00:58:46,960
exploration

1520
00:58:52,470 --> 00:58:50,160
to mars thank you so much dr zia truly

1521
00:58:53,670 --> 00:58:52,480
exciting time ahead of us for sure well

1522
00:58:55,990 --> 00:58:53,680
we unfortunately

1523
00:58:58,150 --> 00:58:56,000
can't answer all the media questions on

1524
00:58:58,870 --> 00:58:58,160
air for those of you with additional

1525
00:59:01,670 --> 00:58:58,880
questions

1526
00:59:02,390 --> 00:59:01,680
please call jpl's digital news and media

1527
00:59:04,549 --> 00:59:02,400
office

1528
00:59:06,549 --> 00:59:04,559
we'll also continue to answer social

1529
00:59:08,710 --> 00:59:06,559
media questions online

1530
00:59:10,069 --> 00:59:08,720
thank you for your questions and thank

1531
00:59:12,789 --> 00:59:10,079
you to our panelists

1532
00:59:15,510 --> 00:59:12,799
for joining us today perseverance is set

1533
00:59:16,230 --> 00:59:15,520
to land on mars tomorrow with commentary

1534
00:59:19,270 --> 00:59:16,240
beginning

1535
00:59:22,230 --> 00:59:19,280
at 11 15 a.m pacific standard time

1536
00:59:22,950 --> 00:59:22,240
2 15 p.m eastern standard time and we

1537
00:59:25,910 --> 00:59:22,960
are offering

1538
00:59:28,470 --> 00:59:25,920
lots of ways to ride along with us to

1539
00:59:29,589 --> 00:59:28,480
join the virtual nasa social and virtual

1540
00:59:31,589 --> 00:59:29,599
guest events

1541
00:59:32,710 --> 00:59:31,599
register for the mission to mars student

1542
00:59:35,950 --> 00:59:32,720
challenge and

1543
00:59:37,430 --> 00:59:35,960
live stream the mars landing visit

1544
00:59:40,230 --> 00:59:37,440
go.nasa.gov

1545
00:59:41,990 --> 00:59:40,240
mars 2020 toolkit for those of you

1546
00:59:44,470 --> 00:59:42,000
interested in a deeper dive

1547
00:59:45,270 --> 00:59:44,480
we have a new press kit available online

1548
00:59:47,190 --> 00:59:45,280
too with

1549
00:59:48,710 --> 00:59:47,200
lots of information and graphics

1550
00:59:51,030 --> 00:59:48,720
describing the rover

1551
00:59:53,270 --> 00:59:51,040
and its mission there you'll also have a

1552
00:59:53,910 --> 00:59:53,280
chance to sign up to send your name to

1553
00:59:56,710 --> 00:59:53,920
mars

1554
00:59:57,670 --> 00:59:56,720
on nasa's next flight to the red planet

1555
00:59:59,430 --> 00:59:57,680
and put yourself

1556
01:00:01,190 --> 00:59:59,440
right into the action with our

1557
01:00:03,750 --> 01:00:01,200
perseverance photo booth

1558
01:00:04,309 --> 01:00:03,760
you can pose next to the rover place

1559
01:00:07,109 --> 01:00:04,319
yourself

1560
01:00:09,349 --> 01:00:07,119
in our mission control and even see what

1561
01:00:10,710 --> 01:00:09,359
you might look like taking a selfie on

1562
01:00:13,789 --> 01:00:10,720
the red planet

1563
01:00:15,589 --> 01:00:13,799
again it's all available at go

1564
01:00:18,789 --> 01:00:15,599
go.nasa.gov

1565
01:00:19,270 --> 01:00:18,799
mars 2020 toolkit if you're on social

1566
01:00:21,270 --> 01:00:19,280
media

1567
01:00:23,030 --> 01:00:21,280
join the conversation with the mission

1568
01:00:25,990 --> 01:00:23,040
on facebook and twitter

1569
01:00:26,950 --> 01:00:26,000
follow at nasa persevere and use the

1570
01:00:29,670 --> 01:00:26,960
hashtag

1571
01:00:31,829 --> 01:00:29,680
countdown to mars thank you so much for